Abstract
Seed production areas (SPAs) are critical infrastructure for ecological restoration, particularly in fragmented landscapes where wildland seed crops are unavailable or wildland harvest is unsustainable. SPAs are useful for a wide range of species that are amenable to cultivation. Despite increasing research on SPAs, their value for biodiversity conservation has yet to be comprehensively described. Here, we highlight the key benefits of SPAs to biodiversity conservation. First, SPAs allow restoration to be conducted on a much greater scale than could be accomplished with wildland-harvested seed, thus protecting key biodiversity assets from harvest pressures. Second, the native seed production industry adds to the base of stakeholders who are invested in restoring and enhancing biodiversity. Third, SPAs provide novel opportunities for research and public exposure to native biodiversity. We also describe how cultivation can alter plant fitness compared to wildland plants, which acts as a multiplier to their conservation implications. SPAs could lead to two interrelated negative consequences that generate risks for taxonomic and genetic diversity at multiple scales: (1) SPAs can cause and multiply negative genetic legacies as a result of cultivation practices, and (2) SPA progenies can numerically and genetically dominate wildland plant populations. Nevertheless, SPA cultivation offers an opportunity to genetically diversify SPA-derived populations for success in restoration and enlarge the pool of species available for restoration, thus mitigating or solving some of these risks. Targeted government policies toward SPAs, additional research, and sound SPA management are necessary to minimize genetic risks and taxonomic redundancy, and also to maximize the conservation benefits of SPAs.
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Acknowledgements
Comments from two anonymous reviewers greatly improved the previous version of the manuscript. We thank the following individuals and organizations for providing images used in Fig. 1: F. Ross, S. and A. Felton (Falklands Conservation), Native American Seed (Junction, TX), Prairie Moon Nursery (Winona, MN), A. Kareen (Verband deutscher Wildsamen und Wildpflanzenproduzenten), T. Zinn, S. Tangmitcharoen, and Ernst Seed (Meadville, PA). Special thanks to C. Carpenter and S. Lindholm for assistance with Fig. 3, and S. Flamand for editing.
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All authors contributed to the conception of the article contents. The drafts of the article were primarily written by JZ. LB, PG-R, and TJ contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Zinnen, J., Broadhurst, L.M., Gibson-Roy, P. et al. Seed production areas are crucial to conservation outcomes: benefits and risks of an emerging restoration tool. Biodivers Conserv 30, 1233–1256 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02149-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02149-z