Abstract
Purpose
Previous assessments of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma have indicated maternal and birth characteristics may be associated with tumor development; however, much work remains to identify novel and confirm suspected risk factors. Our objective was to evaluate the associations between maternal and birth characteristics and childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.
Methods
This case–control study included 322 cases and 322 pair-matched controls. Cases were enrolled in a trial run by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. Population-based controls were identified using random digit dialing and were individually matched to cases on race, sex, and age. Families of the case and control subjects participated in a telephone interview, which captured information on maternal characteristics (birth control use, number of prenatal visits, anemia, and abnormal bleeding during pregnancy) and birth characteristics [birth weight, preterm birth, and type of delivery (vaginal vs. cesarean)]. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate an odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for each exposure, adjusted for age, race, sex, household income, and parental education. As the two most common histologic types of rhabdomyosarcoma are embryonal (n = 215) and alveolar (n = 66), we evaluated effect heterogeneity of these exposures.
Results
The only characteristic that was associated with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma, and statistically significant, was abnormal vaginal bleeding during pregnancy (OR 1.75, 95 % CI 1.12–2.74). Birth control use (OR 1.45, 95 % CI 0.96–2.18), anemia during pregnancy (OR 1.27, 95 % CI 0.81–1.99), and preterm birth (OR 2.51, 95 % CI 0.74–8.49) were positively associated with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma, but were not statistically significant. Low birth weight [adjusted odds ratios (aOR) 4.46, 95 % CI 1.41–14.1] and high birth weight (aOR 2.41, 95 % CI 1.09–5.35) were strongly associated with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. However, these factors did not display significant effect heterogeneity between histologic types (p > 0.15 for all characteristics).
Conclusions
Overall, we found little evidence that these maternal and birth characteristics are strongly associated with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ognjanovic S, Linabery AM, Charbonneau B, Ross JA (2009) Trends in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma incidence and survival in the United States, 1975–2005. Cancer 115:4218–4226
Ries L, Smith M, Gurney J et al (1999) Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975–1995. NIH Pub. No. 99-4649. National Cancer Institute, SEER Program, Bethesda, MD
Gurney JG, Young JL Jr., Roffers SD, Smith MA, Bunin GR (1999) Soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Incidence and Survival Among Children and Adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975–1995. National Cancer Institute SEER Program
Malempati S, Hawkins DS (2012) Rhabdomyosarcoma: review of the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Committee experience and rationale for current COG studies. Pediatr Blood Cancer 59:5–10
Ruymann FB, Maddux HR, Ragab A et al (1988) Congenital anomalies associated with rhabdomyosarcoma: an autopsy study of 115 cases. A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Committee (representing the Children’s Cancer Study Group, the Pediatric Oncology Group, the United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group, and the Pediatric Intergroup Statistical Center). Med Pediatr Oncol 16:33–39
Li FP, Fraumeni JF Jr (1969) Soft-tissue sarcomas, breast cancer, and other neoplasms. A familial syndrome? Ann Intern Med 71:747–752
Yang P, Grufferman S, Khoury MJ et al (1995) Association of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma with neurofibromatosis type I and birth defects. Genet Epidemiol 12:467–474
Diller L, Sexsmith E, Gottlieb A, Li FP, Malkin D (1995) Germline p53 mutations are frequently detected in young children with rhabdomyosarcoma. J Clin Invest 95:1606–1611
Von Behren J, Spector LG, Mueller BA et al (2011) Birth order and risk of childhood cancer: a pooled analysis from five US States. Int J Cancer 128:2709–2716
Grufferman S, Schwartz AG, Ruymann FB, Maurer HM (1993) Parents’ use of cocaine and marijuana and increased risk of rhabdomyosarcoma in their children. Cancer Causes Control 4:217–224
Grufferman S, Ruymann F, Ognjanovic S, Erhardt EB, Maurer HM (2009) Prenatal X-ray exposure and rhabdomyosarcoma in children: a report from the children’s oncology group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:1271–1276
Lupo PJ, Zhou R, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Spector LG, Scheurer ME, Fatih Okcu M, Melin B, Papworth K, Erhardt EB, Grufferman S (2013) Allergies, atopy, immune-related factors and childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the children’s oncology group. Int J Cancer 134(2):431–436
Johnson KJ, Carozza SE, Chow EJ et al (2009) Parental age and risk of childhood cancer: a pooled analysis. Epidemiology 20:475–483
Ma X, Metayer C, Does MB, Buffler PA (2005) Maternal pregnancy loss, birth characteristics, and childhood leukemia (United States). Cancer Causes Control 16:1075–1083
Oksuzyan S, Crespi CM, Cockburn M, Mezei G, Kheifets L (2013) Birth weight and other perinatal factors and childhood CNS tumors: a case-control study in California. Cancer Epidemiol 37:402–409
Partap S, MacLean J, Von Behren J, Reynolds P, Fisher PG (2011) Birth anomalies and obstetric history as risks for childhood tumors of the central nervous system. Pediatrics 128:e652–e657
Schmidt LS, Schuz J, Lahteenmaki P et al (2010) Fetal growth, preterm birth, neonatal stress and risk for CNS tumors in children: a Nordic population- and register-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19:1042–1052
Spector LG, Puumala SE, Carozza SE et al (2009) Cancer risk among children with very low birth weights. Pediatrics 124:96–104
Westergaard T, Andersen PK, Pedersen JB et al (1997) Birth characteristics, sibling patterns, and acute leukemia risk in childhood: a population-based cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:939–947
Ognjanovic S, Carozza SE, Chow EJ et al (2010) Birth characteristics and the risk of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma based on histological subtype. Br J Cancer 102:227–231
Grufferman S, Wang HH, DeLong ER, Kimm SY, Delzell ES, Falletta JM (1982) Environmental factors in the etiology of rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. J Natl Cancer Inst 68:107–113
Shrestha A, Ritz B, Ognjanovic S, Lombardi CA, Wilhelm M, Heck JE (2013) Early life factors and risk of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Front Public Health 1:17
Ghali MH, Yoo KY, Flannery JT, Dubrow R (1992) Association between childhood rhabdomyosarcoma and maternal history of stillbirths. Int J Cancer 50:365–368
Hartley AL, Birch JM, McKinney PA et al (1988) The Inter-Regional Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCC): case control study of children with bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Br J Cancer 58:838–842
Puumala SE, Carozza SE, Chow EJ et al (2009) Childhood cancer among twins and higher order multiples. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:162–168
Sprehe MR, Barahmani N, Cao Y et al (2010) Comparison of birth weight corrected for gestational age and birth weight alone in prediction of development of childhood leukemia and central nervous system tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 54:242–249
Grufferman S, Delzell E, Delong ER (1984) An approach to conducting epidemiologic research within cooperative clinical trials groups. J Clin Oncol 2:670–675
Bunin GR, Spector LG, Olshan AF et al (2007) Secular trends in response rates for controls selected by random digit dialing in childhood cancer studies: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Am J Epidemiol 166:109–116
Glynn RJ, Rosner B (2004) Methods to evaluate risks for composite end points and their individual components. J Clin Epidemiol 57:113–122
Strobino B, Pantel-Silverman J (1989) Gestational vaginal bleeding and pregnancy outcome. Am J Epidemiol 129:806–815
Ognjanovic S, Puumala S, Spector LG et al (2009) Maternal health conditions during pregnancy and acute leukemia in children with Down syndrome: a Children’s Oncology Group study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 52:602–608
Williams CL, Bunch KJ, Stiller CA et al (2013) Cancer risk among children born after assisted conception. N Engl J Med 369:1819–1827
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by US National Cancer Institute grants CA21244, CA24507, CA30318, CA30969, CA29139, and CA13539, and in part by Kurt Groten Family Research Scholars Award (P. Lupo).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lupo, P.J., Danysh, H.E., Skapek, S.X. et al. Maternal and birth characteristics and childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Cancer Causes Control 25, 905–913 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0390-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0390-6