Abstract
The reflective function (RF) or mentalization is nowadays considered a concept with a great explanatory and therapeutic potential. In this article we present the adaptation and validation of Parent Development Interview-Revised (PDI-R) to the Spanish and Catalan languages. It was performed by a cross-sectional design with a non-clinical sample of 61 Spanish and Catalan speaking mothers of under five mentally healthy children. The same sample responded to an Adult Attachment Questionnaire and to the Child Behavior Check List. The construct hypothesis based on attachment theory and mentalization research, expected a positive correlation between the parental RF level and adult attachment. Other hypothesis did not predict significant differences in the results of the two subsamples depending on sociodemographic characteristics. The results do confirm the hypothesis considered in a concordance way with the literature. The discussion provides some qualitative analysis closer to what is expected of the PDI-R’s clinical uses as a frame to work with parents. This study represents the PDI-R’s introduction in the Spanish and Catalan speaking population over the world. We think it opens the door to further research assessing the parental RF with Spanish speaking parents’ samples as well as to guide the clinical work with them.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achembach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont. Research Centre for Children, Youth and Families.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226.
Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice. London: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470712986.ch9.
Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014.
Beebe, B. (2017). Daniel Stern: Microanalysis and the empirical infant research foundations. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 37(4), 228–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2017.1299498.
Berthelot, N., Ensink, K., Bernazzani, O., Normandin, L., Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of attachment in abused and neglected mothers: The role of trauma-specific reflective functioning. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36(2), 200–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21499.
Besoain, C., & Santelices, M. P. (2009). Transmisión Intergeneracional del Apego y Función Reflexiva Materna: Una Revisión. Terapia Psicológica, 27(1), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082009000100011.
Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28, 759–775. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759.
Ensink, K., Normandin, L., Plamondon, A., Berthelot, N., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Intergenerational pathways from reflective functioning to infant attachment through parenting. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 48(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000030.
Espasa, F. P. (2004). Parent–infant psychotherapy, the transition to parenthood and parental narcissism: Implications for treatment. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 30(2), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/00754170410001734772.
Fantini, F., Aschieri, F., & Bertrando, P. (2013). Is our daughter crazy or bad? A case study of therapeutic assessment with children. Contemporary Family Therapy, 35(4), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-013-9265-3.
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Developmental Psychopathology, 21, 1355–1381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990198.
Fonagy, P., Steele, H., & Steele, M. (1991). Maternal representations of attachment during pregnancy predict the organization of infant-mother attachment at one year of age. Child Development, 62(5), 891–905. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131141.
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 679–700. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579497001399.
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (2005). Bridging the transmission gap: An end to an important mystery of attachment research? Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500269278.
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (2006). The mentalization-focused approach to self pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20(6), 544–576. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2006.20.6.544.
Fonagy, P., Target, M., Steele, H., & Steele, M. (1998). Reflective-functioning manual version 5 for application to adult attachment interviews. London. https://doi.org/10.1037/t03490-000.
Gjersing, L., Caplehorn, J. R. M., & Clausen, T. (2010). Cross-cultural adaptation of research instruments: Language, setting, time and statistical considerations. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-10-13.
Golanó, M., & Pérez, C. (2013). Mentalització i Vincle. Revista Catalana de Psicoanàlisi, XXX/1, 67–77. Retrieved from http://www.raco.cat/index.php/RCP/article/view/303361/393030
Grienenberger, J. F., Kelly, K., & Slade, A. (2005). Maternal reflective functioning, mother-infant affective communication, and infant attachment: Exploring the link between mental states and observed caregiving behavior in the intergenerational transmission of attachment. Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500245963.
Grimalt, A. (2013). ¿MENTALIZACIÓN O TRANSFORMACIÓN? Experiencia sensorial vs. experiencia emocional. Temas de Psicoanálisis, 5, 1–30. Retrieved from http://www.temasdepsicoanalisis.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PDF-GRIMALT-FINAL13.pdf.
Hemphill, J. F. (2003). Interpreting the Magnitudes of correlation coefficients. American Psychologist, 58(1), 78–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.78.
Ibáñez, M. (2013). El estudio del apego y de la función reflexiva: Instrumentos para el diagnóstico y la intervención terapéutica en salud mental. Temas de Psicoanálisis, 5, 1–26. Retrieved from http://www.temasdepsicoanalisis.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Pdf-M-Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez1.pdf.
Johnson, L. N., Ketring, S. A., & Abshire, C. (2003). The Revised inventory of parent attachment: Measuring attachment in families. Contemporary Family Therapy, 25(3), 333–349. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024563422543.
Jurist, E., Slade, A., & Bergner, S. (Eds.). (2008). Mind to mind. Infant research, neuroscience and psychoanalysis. New York: Other Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-8315.2009.00225_1.x.
Lester, B. M., & Sparrow, J. (Eds.)., (2010). Nurturing children and families: Building on the Legacy of T. Berry Brazelton. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444324617.
Lloyd, B. (2007). Attachment and intersubjectivity—by Nicola Diamond and Mario Marrone attachment theory and the psychoanalytic process—edited by Mauricio Cortina and Mario Marrone. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 24(1), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0118.2007.00067_4.x.
Luyten, P., Mayes, L. C., Nijssens, L., & Fonagy, P. (2017). The parental reflective functioning questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation. PLoS ONE, 12(5), e0176218. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176218.
Main, M. (2000). The organized categories of infant, child and adult attachment: Flexible versus Inflexible attention under attachment related stress. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48(4), 1055–1127. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651000480041801.
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1/2), 66–104. https://doi.org/10.2307/3333827.
Melero, R., & Cantero, M. J. (2008). Los estilos afectivos en la población española: un cuestionario de evaluación del apego adulto. Clínica y Salud, 19(1), 83–100. Retrieved from http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/clinsa/v19n1/v19n1a04.pdf.
Ordway, M. R., Sadler, L. S., Dixon, J., & Slade, A. (2014). Parental reflective functioning: Analysis and promotion of the concept for paediatric nursing. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(23–24), 3490–3500. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12600.
Rescorla, L. A. (2005). Assessment of young children using the Achenbach system of empirically based assessment (ASEBA). Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 11(3), 226–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.20071.
Sharp, C., & Fonagy, P. (2008). The parent’s capacity to treat the child as a psychological agent: Constructs, measures and implications for developmental psychopathology. Social Development, 13(3), 735–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00457.x.
Shaver, P., & Cassidy, J. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of attachment. Theory, research and clinical applications (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003065110368853.
Slade, A. (2005). Parental reflective functioning: An introduction. Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500245906.
Slade, A., Aber, J., Cohen, L. J., Fiorello, J., Meyer, J., Desear, P., & Waller, S. (2003a). The parent development interview. London (unpublished manuscript).
Slade, A., Bernbach, E., Grienenberger, J., Wohlgemuth, D., & Locker, A. (2003b). Addendum to reflective functioning scoring manual for use with the parent development interview. New York (unpublished manuscript).
Slade, A., & Sadler, L. (2007). Minding the baby. In L. Mayes, P. Fonagy & M. Target (Eds.), Developmental Science and Psychoanalysis. London: Karnac. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470712986.ch14.
Steele, H., Steele, M., & Murphy, A. (2009). Use of the adult attachment interview to measure process and change in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 19(6), 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300802609698.
Thalheimer, W., & Cook, S. (2002). How to calculate effect sizes from published research: A simplified methodology. Work Learning Research. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.078915.
Whitefield, C., & Midgley, N. (2015). “And when you were a child?” How therapists working with parents alongside individual child psychotherapy bring the past into their work. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 9370, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/0075417X.2015.1092678.
Wild, D., Grove, A., Martin, M., Eremenco, S., McElroy, S., Verjee-Lorenz, A., & Erikson, P. (2005). Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures: Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation. Value in Health, 8(2), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.04054.x.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Golanó Fornells, M., Pérez Téstor, C. & Salamero Baró, M. The Spanish and Catalan Versions of the Parent Development Interview-Revised (PDI-R): Adaptation and Validation Process. Contemp Fam Ther 40, 338–345 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-018-9457-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-018-9457-y