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Total Extraction: Exploitative Behaviors of the Carceral Apparatus Towards Carceral Officers in Central Appalachia

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Abstract

The era of mass incarceration has had a profound impact on rural areas, such as the Central Appalachian region in the United States. Since 1989, twenty-nine new prisons have been built in the region (Perdue and Sanchagrin 2016). The justifications put forth for prison-building have focused predominantly on economic development and job creation, as deindustrialization continues to affect residents. Research has found that prison-building as a means for economic development in rural areas is a myth, however—one that obscures the real reason for carceral expansion. This article explores the nature of prison-building and the resulting exploitation of individuals working in these carceral institutions in Central Appalachia. We argue that prison-building is a mechanism of economic and social control within the region, and we focus our analysis on the poor working conditions, impoverished pay, and the general toxicity of the land on which these prisons are situated. Our article is not, however, a call for improved working conditions in the prisons. Instead, we weave together literature on the exploitation of carceral officers, the community, and the incarcerated to explore avenues of abolitionist solidarity between all people harmed by the carceral state.

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Notes

  1. The Central Appalachian region of the US consists of multiple counties in southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, western Virginia, and eastern Tennessee (Appalachian Regional Commission 2009).

  2. The “Southern Strategy” was an electoral strategy of the Republican Party which, in the wake of the civil rights movement, attempted to court Southern white voters by capitalizing on their racial fears (Maxwell 2019; Maxwell and Shields 2019).

  3. Central Appalachian people already face some of the highest rates of health-related issues in the US. They have higher rates of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke (Kitzman et al. 2019). Even higher rates of disease appear in the most distressed counties or areas most likely to be the target of carceral facilities (Barker et al. 2010). Heart disease death rates for the region are more than double the national average in the most impoverished areas of Central Appalachia (Brown and O’Connor 2010). Stroke-related death rates are significantly higher in Central Appalachia in comparison with the rest of the country, which has led some to refer to the region as the “stroke belt” (Halverson et al. 2004; Kitzman et al. 2019).

  4. According to Ryerson and Schept (2018), the 2018 Consolidated Appropriations Act increased the funding for the USP Letcher project from US$444 million to US$510 million.

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  1. Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA

    Stephen T. Young

  2. Pacific Lutheran University, 12180 Park Ave. S. Xavier 337, Tacoma, WA, 98447, USA

    Brian Pitman

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Young, S.T., Pitman, B. Total Extraction: Exploitative Behaviors of the Carceral Apparatus Towards Carceral Officers in Central Appalachia. Crit Crim 28, 577–593 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-020-09500-w

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