Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Critical Clinical Social Work Practice: Pathways to Healing from the Molecular to the Macro

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Clinical Social Work Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Interdisciplinary study in neurobiology, liberation psychology, and social work highlight the ways in which the brain is related to various cognitive, personality, and behavioral characteristics within a cultural context by blurring lines between dimensions, such as nature and nurture, person and environment, and micro and macro. This paper considers study findings that generate potential clinical social work strategies that are particularly relevant for communities of color experiencing ethno-racial trauma. The purpose of this paper is to support clinical practitioners’ efforts to use holistic approaches and practices by incorporating the “bio” component of the biopsychosocial paradigm as it relates to racism. There are at least three pathways by which racism may produce neurobiological consequences that affect the biopsychosocial functioning of populations of color: (a) socio-structural/environmental, (b) stress and/or trauma, and (c) epigenetics. The Flint, Michigan water crisis—wherein the local government allowed lead to contaminate the city’s drinking water causing negative health (brain and body) consequences for Flint residents, a predominantly Black and Brown community—presents an example of the intersecting pathways and autopoietic nature of racism that infects relationships, institutions and systems; causes dehumanizing affects; and produces ill effects as evidenced by racial health inequities. The issues, such as racial health inequities, that social workers struggle to resolve tend to be complex and multi-dimensional. Therefore, comprehensive practice is needed to support healthy biopsychosocial functioning. As such, this paper offers Critical Clinical Social Work Practice (CCSWP) informed by the Critical Transformative Potential Development (CTPD) framework. CTPD centers a trauma-informed and healing-centered approach to CCSWP by transforming consciousness into action to change self, relationships, and environment; ideally, working cyclically from the molecular to the macro. Given the field’s enduring commitment to social justice, the biopsychosocial model, and the person-in-environment perspective, social work is in a unique position to critically consider how brain health (bio) is affected by trauma (psycho) stemming from racism (social). These multi-level (molecular to macro) considerations empower clinical social workers to innovate integrated strategies that can overcome complex challenges perpetuating racial health inequities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alvarez, A. N., Liang, C. T., & Neville, H. A. (2016). The cost of racism for people of color: Contextualizing experiences of discrimination. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14852-000

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Asakura, K., & Maurer, K. (2018). Attending to social justice in clinical social work: Supervision as a pedagogical space. Clinical Social Work Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-018-0667-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bale, T. L., & Jovanovic, T. (2021). The critical importance in identifying the biological mechanisms underlying the effects of racism on mental health. Neuropsychopharmacology, 46, 233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, D. A. (2014). Health disparities in the United States: Social class, race, ethnicity, and health. JHU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berila, B. (2014) Contemplating the effects of oppression: Integrating mindfulness into diversity classrooms. The Journal of Contemplative Inquiry, 1(1), 55–68. https://journal.contemplativeinquiry.org/index.php/joci/article/view/5

  • Berger, M., & Sarnyai, Z. (2014). “More than skin deep”: Stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial discrimination. Stress, Early Online. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2014.989204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berzoff, J. (2011). Why we need a biopsychosocial perspective with vulnerable, oppressed, and at-risk clients. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 81, 132–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1969) Attachment and Loss: Volume 1. Attachment. Basic Books.

  • Bremner, J. D. (2006). Traumatic stress: Effects on the brain. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(4), 445–461.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C. (2021). Critical Clinical Social Work and the Neoliberal Constraints on SocialJustice in Mental Health. Research on Social Work Practice, 31(6), 644–652. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731520984531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bussey, S. (2019). Imperialism through virtuous helping: Baldwin’s innocence and implications for clinical social work practice. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 30(3), 192–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2019.1617016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bussey, S., Thompson, M. & Poliandro, E. (under review). Leading the charge in addressing racism and bias: Implications for social work training and practice.

  • Carter, R. T. (2007). Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 13–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, R. T., Johnson, V., Roberson, K., Mazzula, S. M., Kirkinis, K., & Sant-Barket, S. (2017). Race-based traumatic stress, racial identity status, and psychological functioning: An exploratory investigation. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 48, 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) (2021) Racism and Health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/racism-disparities/index.html

  • Chavez-Dueñas, N. Y., Adames, H. W., Perez-Chavez, J. G., & Salas, S. P. (2019). Healing ethno-racial trauma in latinx immigrant communities: Cultivating hope resistance and action. American Psychologist, 74(1), 49–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charney, D. S. (2004). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: Implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 195–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chioneso, N. A., Hunter, C. D., Gobin, R. L., Smith, S. M., Mendenhall, R., & Neville, H. A. (2020). Community healing and resistance through storytelling: A framework to address racial trauma in Africana communities. Journal of Black Psychology, 46(2–3), 95–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, K. B., & Clark, M. P. (1940). Skin color as a factor in racial identification and preferences in Negro children. Journal of Negro Education, 19, 341–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R., Andersen, N. B., Clark, V., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54(10), 805–816.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. R. (2014). Open-Minded Listening. 5 Charlotte L. Rev. 139. Retrieved 8/16/21 from https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1479&context=facultypub.

  • Comas-Díaz, L., Hall, G. N., & Neville, H. A. (2019). Racial trauma: Theory, research, and healing: Introduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 74(1), 1–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cozolino, L. J., & Santos, E. N. (2014). Why We Need Therapy—and Why It Works: A Neuroscientific Perspective. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 84(2–3), 157–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377317.2014.923630hutchi

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delisi, M., Vaughn, M. & Matto, H. (2014). Human behavior: A cell to society approach. Wiley

  • DiAngelo, R. (2018). White Fragility: Why it's so hard for White people to talk about racism. Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, H. (2020, January 17). Changing minds project. changing. Retrieved February 25, 2022, from https://changing-minds.ca/changing-minds-project-2/

  • Dunlap, E., & Johnson, B. D. (1992). The setting for the crack era: Macro forces, micro consequences (1960–1992). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 24(4), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1992.10471656

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eack, S. M., Black, J. M., & Hunter, R. G. (2018). Introduction to the special section on social work and neuroscience. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 9(2), 217–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fishbane, M. D. (2007). Wired to connect: Neuroscience, relationships and therapy. Family Process, 46, 395–412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, T. B., & Mansuy, I. M. (2010). Epigenetic inheritance in mammals: Evidence for the impact of adverse environmental effects. Neurobiology of Disease, 39, 61–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed (30th anniversary ed). Continuum. (Original work published 1970)

  • Garcia, M., Kosutic, I., McDowell, T., & Anderson, S. A. (2009). Raising critical consciousness in family therapy supervision. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 21, 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952830802683673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ginwright, S. A. (2010). Black youth rising: Activism and radical healing in urban America. Techers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginwright, S. A. (2016). Hope and healing in urban education: How urban activists and teachers are reclaiming matters of the heart. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitterman, A., & Shulman, L. (Eds.). (2005). Mutual Aid Groups, Vulnerable and Resilient Populations, and the Live Cycle (Third ed.). Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grzanka, P. R., & Gonzalez & K. A., & Spanierman, L. B. (2019). White supremacy and counseling psychology: A critical–conceptual framework. The Counseling Psychologist, 47(4), 478–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guidi, J., Lucenter, M., Sonino, N., & Fava, G. A. (2021). Allostatic load and its impact on Health: A systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 90, 11–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, K. V. (2013). Healing the hidden wounds of racial trauma: Enhancing professional and research training. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 22, 24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, K. V. (2016). Antiracist approaches for shaping theoretical and practice paradigms. In A. J. Carten, A. B. Siskind, & M. Pender Greene (Eds.), Strategies for deconstructing racism in the health and human services (pp. 125–142). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, C. J. P., Burford, T. I., Cage, B. N., Nelson, T. M., Sheron, S., Thompson, A., & Green, S. (2011). Multiple pathways linking racism to health outcomes. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 8(1), 143–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence—From domestic abuse to political terror. Pandora.

  • Hilton, B. T. (2011). Frantz Fanon and colonialism: A psychology of oppression. Journal of Scientific Psychology, 45–59. Retrieved 2/20/22 from http://www.psyencelab.com/uploads/5/4/6/5/54658091/frantz_fanon_and_colonialism.pdf

  • Howard, S. (2018). The black perspective in clinical social work. Clinical Social Work Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-018-0663-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, D., & Taiwo, A. (2019). Critical social work and competency practice: A proposal to bridge theory and practice in the classroom. Social Work Education, 38(2), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2018.1533544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison, E. D. (2019). Dimensions of human Behavior: Person and environment (6th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. S., Knight, K. M., & Rafferty, J. A. (2010) Race and unhealthy behaviors: chronic stress, the HPA axis, and physical and mental health disparities over the life course. American Journal of Public Health, 100(5), 933–999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-017-0411-3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jemal, A. (2017). Critical consciousness: A critique and critical analysis of the literature. Urban Review, 49(4), 602–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-017-0411-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jemal, A. (2018). Transformative consciousness of health inequities: Oppression is a virus and critical consciousness is the antidote. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, 3(4), 202–215. https://rdcu.be/2Cxm.

  • Jemal, A. & Bussey, S. (2018). Transformative action: A theoretical framework for breaking new ground. EJournal of Public Affairs. http://www.ejournalofpublicaffairs.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/211-1311-1-Galley.pdf

  • Jemal, A. & Frasier, J. (2021). The intrepid elective: Transforming potential for consciousness to action in and with social work education. Advances in Social Work

  • Jemal, A., Urmey, L. S., & Caliste, S. (2020). From sculpting an intervention to healing in action. Social Work with Groups, 44(3), 226–243.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. A., Reams, K., Calvocoressi, L., Dailey, A., Kasl, S. V., & Liston, N. M. (2007). Adequacy of communicating results from screening mammograms to African American and white women. American Journal of Public Health, 97(3), 531–538.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, E. (1998). A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 457–469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendi, D. I. X. (2016). Stamped from the beginning. Avalon Publishing Group.

  • Kelly, S. (2019). Cognitive behavior therapy with African Americans. In G. Y. Iwamasa & P. A. Hays (Eds.), Culturally responsive cognitive behavior therapy: Practice and supervision (pp. 105–128). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000119-005

  • King, M. L. (1958). Stride Toward Freedom. Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansuy, I. M. & Mohanna, S. (2011). Epigenetics and the human brain: Where nurture meets nature. Cerebrum, Retrieved 8/10/21 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574773/pdf/cerebrum-08-11.pdf

  • Matto, H. C., & Strolin-Goltzman, J. (2010). Integrating social neuroscience and social work: Innovations for advancing practice-based research. Social Work, 55(2), 147–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, T. (2004). Coming to Terms with Our Past, Part II: On the Morality and Politics of Reparations for Slavery. Political Theory, 32(6), 750–772. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591704268924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, S. (2020, December). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

  • McEwan, B. S., & Gianaros, P. J. (2011). Stress- and allostasis-induced brain plasticity. Annual Review of Medicine, 62, 431–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, T., & Nicholas, D. B. (2019). Creating and applying knowledge for critical social practice: Reflections on epistemology, research, and evidence-based practice. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 28(4), 351–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2017.1384945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mead, H., Cartwright-Smith, L., Jones, K., Ramos, C., Woods, K., & Siegel, B. (2008). Racial and ethnic disparities in U.S. healthcare: A chartbook. New York: The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/other-publication/2008/mar/racial-and-ethnic-disparities-us-health-care-chartbook

  • Mishna, V. W., & M., & Asakura, K. (2013). The Best Kept Secret in Social Work: Empirical Support for Contemporary Psychodynamic Social Work Practice. Journal of Social Work Practice, 27(3), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2013.818944

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, J. (1953). Who shall survive? (2nd ed. ed.). Beacon Press.

  • Okun, T. & Jones, K. (2001). White Supremacy Culture. Dismantling Racism: A Workbook for Social Change Groups. ChangeWork. Retrieved 2/15/21 from https://www.thc.texas.gov/public/upload/preserve/museums/files/White_Supremacy_Culture.pdf

  • O’Neill, P., & del Mar Fariña, M. (2018). Constructing critical conversations in social work supervision: Creating change. Clinical Social Work Journal, 46, 298–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-018-0681-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortega-Williams, A., Wernick, L. J., DeBower, J., & Brathwaite, B. (2018). Finding relief in action: The intersection of youth-led community organizing and mental health in Brooklyn NYC. Journal of Youth and Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X18758542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108(5), 937–975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, B. D., Pollard, R. A., Blaicley, T. L., Baker, W. L., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation, and "use-dependent" development of the brain: How "states" become "traits". Infant Mental Health Journal, 16(4), 271–291.

  • Portela, A., & Esteller, M. (2010). Epigenetic modifications and human disease. Nature Biotechnology, 28, 1057–1068.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reuben, A., Schaefer, J. D., Moffitt, T., & E….Caspi, A. (2019). Association of childhood lead exposure with adult personality traits and lifelong mental health. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 418–425.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, R. M., & Bennett, L. B. (2010). Epigenetics in humans: An overview. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, 17, 493–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, J. & National Journal. (2014, March). Epigenetics: The controversial science behind racial and ethnic health disparities. The Atlantic. Retrieved August 16, 2021, from https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/epigenetics-the-controversial-science-behind-racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities/430749/

  • Saari, C. (2002). The environment: Its role in psychosocial functioning and psychotherapy. Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, J. R., & Appelgate, J. S. (2000). Cognitive neuroscience, neurobiology and affect regulation: Implications for clinical social work. Clinical Social Work Journal, 28(1), 9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., McGuinn, L., Pascoe, J., & Wood, D. L. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. American Academy of Pediatrics, 129(1), 232–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. J. (1999). The Developing Mind: Toward a Neurobiology of Interpersonal Experience. The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. J. (2001). Toward an interpersonal neurobiology of the developing mind: Attachment relationships, “Mindsight”, and neural integration. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22(1–2), 67–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solórzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2002). Critical race methodology: Counter-Storytelling as an analytical framework for education research. Qualitative Inquiry, 8, 23–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonn, C. C., & Fisher, A. T. (1998). Sense of community: Community resilient responses to oppression and change. Journal of Community Psychology, 26(5), 457–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Speight, S. L. (2007). Internalized racism: One more piece of the puzzle. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sulloway, F. S. (1989). Freud, biologist of the mind: Beyond the psychoanalytic legend. Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tutu, D. (1999). No future without forgiveness. Random House Inc.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Executive summary: Mental health: Culture, race and ethnicity: A supplement to mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK44243.pdf

  • Utsey, S. O., Bolden, M. A., & Brown, A. L. (2001). Visions of revolution from the spirit of Frantz Fanon: A psychology of liberation for counseling African Americans. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), The handbook of multicultural counseling (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks CA Sage.

  • Utsey, S. O., Giesbrecht, N., Hook, J., & Stanard, P. M. (2008). Cultural, sociofamilial, and psychological resources that inhibit psychological distress in African Americans exposed to stressful life events and race-related stress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(1), 49–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R. (2018). Stress and the mental health of populations of color: Advancing our understanding of race-related stressors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 59(4), 466–485.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2013). Racism and health II: A needed research agenda for effective interventions. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(8), 1200–1226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkerson, I. (2020). Caste. Allen Lane.

  • Windsor, L.C., Benoit, E., & Dunlap, E. (2010). Dimensions of oppression in the lives of impoverished black women who use drugs. Journal of black studies, 41(1), 21–39

  • Windsor, L., Jemal, A., & Alessi, E. (2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy and substance using minorities: A meta-analysis. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(2), 300–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Windsor, L., Pinto, R., Benoit, E., Jessell, L., & Jemal, A. (2014). Community wise: addressing oppression to promote individual and community health. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 14(4), 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533256X.2014.962141.

  • Windsor, L., Jemal, A., & Benoit, E. (2014). Community Wise: Paving the way for empowerment in community reentry. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 37(5), 501–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2014.02.023.NIHMS576112

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2019, August). Lead poisoning and health. Retrieved 8/16/21 from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health

  • Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N. P., Bierer, L. M., Bader, H. N., Klengel, T., Holsboer, F., & Binder, E. B. (2016). Holocaust exposure induced intergenerational effects of FKBP5 methylation. Biological Psychiatry, 80, 372–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youssef, N. A., Lockwood, L., Su, S., Hao, G., & Rutten, B. P. F. (2018). The effects of trauma, with or without PTSD, on the transgenerational DNA Methylation alterations in human offsprings. Brain Science, 8(5), 83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaff, J., Boyd, M., Li, Y., Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (2010). Active and engaged citizenship: Multigroup and longitudinal factorial analysis of an integrated construct of civic engagement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 736–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9541-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No funds, grants, or other support was received.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter College, 2180 3rd Ave, New York, NY, 10035, USA

    Alexis Jemal

Authors
  1. Alexis Jemal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexis Jemal.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jemal, A. Critical Clinical Social Work Practice: Pathways to Healing from the Molecular to the Macro. Clin Soc Work J (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-022-00843-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-022-00843-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation