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Efferent influences on the bioelectrical activity of the retina in primates

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Abstract

Purpose

The existence of retinopetal (sometimes referred to as “efferent” or “centrifugal”) axons in the mammalian optic nerve is a topic of long-standing debate. Opposition is fading as efferent innervation of the retina has now been widely documented in rodents and other animals. The existence and function of an efferent system in humans and non-human primates has not, though, been definitively established. Such a feedback pathway could have important functional, clinical, and experimental significance to the field of vision science and ophthalmology.

Methods

Following a comprehensive literature review (PubMed and Google Scholar, until July 2016), we present evidence regarding a system that can influence the bioelectrical activity of the retina in primates.

Results

Anatomical and physiological evidences are presented separately. Improvements in histological staining and the advent of retrograde nerve fiber tracers have allowed for more confidence in the identification of efferent optic nerve fibers, including back to their point of origin.

Conclusion

Even with the accumulation of more modern anatomical and physiological evidence, some limitations and uncertainties about crucial details regarding the origins and role of a top–down, efferent system still exist. However, the summary of the evidence from earlier and more modern studies makes a compelling case in support of such a system in humans and non-human primates.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Geoffrey Arden, David Marshak, and William Hare for their comments on the text. We thank Alessandro Iannaccone for help with references written in Italian language.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 21, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA

    Gonzalo Ortiz, Christopher L. Passaglia & Radouil T. Tzekov

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA

    J. Vernon Odom

  3. Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Christopher L. Passaglia

  4. The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA

    Radouil T. Tzekov

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  1. Gonzalo Ortiz
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Correspondence to Radouil T. Tzekov.

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Ortiz, G., Odom, J.V., Passaglia, C.L. et al. Efferent influences on the bioelectrical activity of the retina in primates. Doc Ophthalmol 134, 57–73 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-016-9567-5

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