Abstract
The present study aims to estimate geochemical arsenic toxicity in the domestic livestock and possible risk for human and environment caused by them. Daily dietary arsenic intake of an exposed adult cow or bull is nearly 4.56 times higher than control populace and about 3.65 times higher than exposed goats. Arsenic toxicity is well exhibited in all the biomarkers through different statistical interpretations. Arsenic bioconcentration is faster through water compared to paddy straw and mostly manifested in faeces and tail hair in cattle. Cow dung and tail hair are the most pronounced pathways of arsenic biotransformation into environment. A considerable amount of arsenic has been observed in animal proteins such as cow milk, boiled egg yolk, albumen, liver and meat from the exposed livestock. Cow milk arsenic is mostly accumulated in casein (83%) due to the presence of phosphoserine units. SAMOE–risk thermometer, calculated for the most regularly consumed foodstuffs in the area, shows the human health risk in a distinct order: drinking water > rice grain > cow milk > chicken > egg > mutton ranging from class 5 to 1. USEPA health risk assessment model reveals more risk in adults than in children, subsisting severe cancer risk from the foodstuffs where the edible animal proteins cannot be ignored. Therefore, the domestic livestock should be urgently treated with surface water, while provision of both arsenic-free drinking water and nutritional supplements is mandatory for the affected human population to overcome the severe arsenic crisis situation.
Graphic abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abedin, M. J., Cresser, M. S., Meharg, A. A., Feldmann, J., & Cotter-Howells, J. (2002). Arsenic accumulation and metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environmental Science & Technology, 36(5), 962–968. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0101678.
Abernathy, C. O., Liu, Y. P., Longfellow, D., Aposhian, H. V., Beck, B., Fowler, B., et al. (1999). Arsenic: Health effects, mechanisms of actions, and research issues. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(7), 593–597. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107593.
Abrahams, P. W., & Thornton, I. (1994). The contamination of agricultural land in the metalliferous province of southwest England: Implications to livestock. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 48(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(94)90083-3.
Ahmed, M. K., Shaheen, N., Islam, M. S., Habibullah-Al-Mamun, M., Islam, S., Islam, M. M., et al. (2016). A comprehensive assessment of arsenic in commonly consumed foodstuffs to evaluate the potential health risk in Bangladesh. Science of the Total Environment., 544, 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.133.
AgriAs, 2017. Evaluation and management of arsenic contamination in agricultural soil and water. Water JPI, EU (2017–2019).Retrieved from http://projects.gtk.fi/AgriAs/
Andrei, S. (2006). Analytical Methods Used for Milk Proteins Separation and Identification (mini review). Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca.Veterinary Medicine, 63(1–2). http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:63:1-2:2352
ATSDR., . (2007). Toxicological profile for arsenic. Division of Toxicology, Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
BBS. (2011). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Report of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2010.
Benelam, B., Gibson-Moore, H., & Stanner, S. (2015). Healthy eating for 1–3 year olds: A food-based guide. Nutrition Bulletin., 40(2), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12134.
Bera, A. K., Rana, T., Das, S., Bhattacharya, D., Bandyopadhyay, S., Pan, D., et al. (2010). Ground water arsenic contamination in West Bengal, India: A risk of sub-clinical toxicity in cattle as evident by correlation between arsenic exposure, excretion and deposition. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 26(10), 709–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233710377775.
Bhat, M. Y., Dar, T. A., & Singh, L. R. (2016). Casein proteins: structural and functional aspects. Milk proteins–from structure to biological properties and health aspects. Rijeka: InTech.
Biswas, A., Swain, S., Chowdhury, N. R., Joardar, M., Das, A., Mukherjee, M., & Roychowdhury, T. (2019). Arsenic contamination in Kolkata metropolitan city: Perspective of transportation of agricultural products from arsenic-endemic areas. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(22), 22929–22944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05595-z.
Blood, D. C., Radostits, O. M., & Henderson, J. A. (2000). Veterinary medicine. London: The English Language Book Society. BailliereTindall.
Bundschuh, J., Nath, B., Bhattacharya, P., Liu, C. W., Armienta, M. A., Lopez, M. V. M., et al. (2012). Arsenic in the human food chain: The Latin American Perspectives. Science of the Total Environment, 429, 92–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.069.
Chakraborti, D., Das, B., Rahman, M. M., Chowdhury, U. K., Biswas, B., Goswami, A. B., et al. (2009). Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in the state of West Bengal, India: A 20 year study report. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 53(5), 542–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700517.
Chakraborti, D., Rahman, M. M., Das, B., Nayak, B., Pal, A., Sengupta, M. K., et al. (2013). Groundwater arsenic contamination in Ganga–Meghna–Brahmaputra plain, its health effects and an approach for mitigation. Environmental Earth Sciences, 70(5), 1993–2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2699-y.
Chandan, R. C. (1997). Chapter 1: Properties of milk and its components. Dairy-based ingredients. Minnesota: American Association of Cereal Chemists.
Chatterjee, A., Das, D., Mandal, B. K., Chowdhury, T. R., Samanta, G., & Chakraborti, D. (1995). Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West Bengal, India: the biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Part I. Arsenic species in drinking water and urine of the affected people. Analyst, 120, 643–650.
Chowdhury, N. R., Das, R., Joardar, M., Ghosh, S., Bhowmick, S., & Roychowdhury, T. (2018a). Arsenic accumulation in paddy plants at different phases of pre-monsoon cultivation. Chemosphere, 210, 987–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.041.
Chowdhury, N. R., Ghosh, S., Joardar, M., Kar, D., & Roychowdhury, T. (2018b). Impact of arsenic contaminated groundwater used during domestic scale post harvesting of paddy crop in West Bengal: Arsenic partitioning in raw and parboiled whole grain. Chemosphere, 211, 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.128.
Chowdhury, N. R., Das, A., Joardar, M., De, A., Mridha, D., Das, R., et al. (2020a). Flow of arsenic between rice grain and water: Its interaction, accumulation and distribution in different fractions of cooked rice. Science of the Total Environment, 731, 138937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138937.
Chowdhury, N. R., Das, A., Mukherjee, M., Swain, S., Joardar, M., De, A., et al. (2020b). Monsoonal paddy cultivation with phase-wise arsenic distribution in exposed and control sites of West Bengal, alongside its assimilation in rice grain. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 400, 123206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123206.
Cubadda, F., Jackson, B. P., Cottingham, K. L., Van Horne, Y. O., & Kurzius-Spencer, M. (2017). Human exposure to dietary inorganic arsenic and other arsenic species: State of knowledge, gaps and uncertainties. Science of the Total Environment, 579, 1228–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.108.
Das, A., Das, S. S., Chowdhury, N. R., Joardar, M., Ghosh, B., & Roychowdhury, T. (2020). Quality and health risk evaluation for groundwater in Nadia district, West Bengal: An approach on its suitability for drinking and domestic purpose. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10, 100351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100351.
Datta, B. K., Mishra, A., Singh, A., Sar, T. K., Sarkar, S., Bhatacharya, A., et al. (2010). Chronic arsenicosis in cattle with special reference to its metabolism in arsenic endemic village of Nadia district West Bengal India. Science of the Total Environment, 409(2), 284–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.003.
Datta, B. K., Bhar, M. K., Patra, P. H., Majumdar, D., Dey, R. R., Sarkar, S., et al. (2012). Effect of environmental exposure of arsenic on cattle and poultry in Nadia district, West Bengal. India. Toxicology International, 19(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-6580.94511.
Daus, B., Weiss, H., Mattusch, J., & Wennrich, R. (2006). Preservation of arsenic species in water samples using phosphoric acid–limitations and long-term stability. Talanta, 69(2), 430–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2005.10.012.
Del, R., & L. M., Garcia-Vargas, G. G., Garcia-Salcedo, J., Sanmiguel, M. F., Rivera, M., Hernandez, M. C., & Cebrian, M. E. . (2002). Arsenic levels in cooked food and assessment of adult dietary intake of arsenic in the Region Lagunera. Mexico. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40(10), 1423–1431. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00074-1.
Devi, S. M., Balachandar, V., Lee, S. I., & Kim, I. H. (2014). An outline of meat consumption in the Indian population-A pilot review. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 34(4), 507.
EFSA (2009). Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). Scientific Opinion on arsenic in food. EFSA J 7(10), 1351.
Eisler, R. (1994). A review of arsenic hazards to plants and animals with emphasis on fishery and wildlife resources. Advances in Environmental Science and Technology, 27, 185–185.
Faires, M. C. (2004). Inorganic arsenic toxicosis in a beef herd. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 45(4), 329.
Fängström, B., Moore, S., Nermell, B., Kuenstl, L., Goessler, W., Grandér, M., et al. (2008). Breast-feeding protects against arsenic exposure in Bangladeshi infants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(7), 963–969. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11094.
Fernández, E. F., Martínez, J. H., Martínez, V. S., Moreno, J. V., Collado, L. Y., Hernández, M. C., & Morán, F. R. (2014). Consensus document: Nutritional and metabolic importance of cow’s milk. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 31(1), 92–101.
FSSAI. (2006). Akalank’s food safety and standards act, rules and regulations (10th ed., p. 188). New Delhi: Akalank Publication.
Gaur, G. K., Kaushik, S. N., & Garg, R. C. (2003). The Gir cattle breed of India-characteristics and present status. Animal Genetic Resources/Resources génétiquesanimales/Recursosgenéticosanimales, 33, 21–29.
Ghosh, A., Awal, M. A., Majumder, S., Mostofa, M., Khair, A., Islam, M. Z., & Rao, D. R. (2012). Arsenic in eggs and excreta of laying hens in Bangladesh: A preliminary study. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 30(4), 383–393. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v30i4.13290.
Ghosh, A., Majumder, S., Awal, M. A., & Rao, D. R. (2013). Arsenic exposure to dairy cows in Bangladesh. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 64(1), 151–159.
Grosse, Y., Lajoie, P., Billard, M., Krewski, D., Rice, J., Baan, R. A., et al. (2019). Development of a database on tumors and tumor sites in humans and in experimental animals for Group 1 agents identified through volume 109 of the IARC Monographs. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 22(7–8), 237–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2019.1642601.
Gupta, K. K., Aneja, K. R., & Rana, D. (2016). Current status of cow dung as a bioresource for sustainable development. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-016-0105-9.
Haldar, A., Pal, P., Datta, M., Paul, R., Pal, S. K., Majumdar, D., et al. (2014). Prolificacy and its relationship with age, body weight, parity, previous litter size and body linear type traits in meat-type goats. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(5), 628.
Hopps, H. C. (1977). The biologic bases for using hair and nail for analyses of trace elements. Science of the Total Environment, 7(1), 71–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(77)90018-3.
IARC (2012). A review of human carcinogens. Part C: metals, arsenic, dusts, and fibers. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Lyon, World Health Organization. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Volume 100C.
International Dairy Federation (1986). Levels of trace elements in milk and milk products. Questionnaire 2386/E. Brussels: IDF.
Islam, M. S., Ahmed, M. K., Habibullah-Al-Mamun, M., Islam, K. N., Ibrahim, M., & Masunaga, S. (2014). Arsenic and lead in foods: A potential threat to human health in Bangladesh. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A, 31(12), 1982–1992. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2014.974686.
Islam, M. S., Ahmed, M. K., Habibullah-Al-Mamun, M., & Eaton, D. W. (2017). Arsenic in the food chain and assessment of population health risks in Bangladesh. Environment Systems and Decisions, 37(3), 344–352.
JECFA (2005). Codex general standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feeds. In: 64th meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), JECFA/64/CAC/RCP 49–2001.
Joardar, M., Das, A., Mridha, D., De, A., Chowdhury, N. R., & Roychowdhury, T. (2020). Evaluation of acute and chronic arsenic exposure on school children from exposed and apparently control areas of West Bengal. India: Exposure and Health.
Joseph, T., Dubey, B., & McBean, E. A. (2015). Human health risk assessment from arsenic exposures in Bangladesh. Science of the Total Environment, 527, 552–560.
Kazi, T. G., Brahman, K. D., Afridi, H. I., Arain, M. B., Talpur, F. N., & Akhtar, A. (2016). The effects of arsenic contaminated drinking water of livestock on its total levels in milk samples of different cattle: Risk assessment in children. Chemosphere, 165, 427–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.015.
Kicińska, A., Glichowska, P., & Mamak, M. (2019). Micro-and macroelement contents in the liver of farm and wild animals and the health risks involved in liver consumption. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(3), 132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7274-x.
Kennelly, J. J., Glimm, D. R., & Ozimek, L. (2000). Milk composition in the cow (pp. 1–20). Edmonton, Alberta: Faculty of Extension, University of Alberta.
Lakso, J. U., & Peoples, S. A. (1975). Preliminary studies on lead, cadmium and arsenic contents of feed, cattle and food animal origin coming from different farms in Saxony. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 23, 674–676.
Liao, C. M., Chen, B. C., Singh, S., Lin, M. C., Liu, C. W., & Han, B. C. (2003). Acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of arsenic in tilapia (Oreochromismossambicus) from a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Environmental Toxicology: An International Journal, 18(4), 252–259.
Liao, C. M., Jau, S. F., Chen, W. Y., Lin, C. M., Jou, L. J., Liu, C. W., et al. (2008). Acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of arsenic in freshwater Clam Corbiculafluminea. Environmental Toxicology, 23(6), 702–711.
Mandal, P. (2017). An insight of environmental contamination of arsenic on animal health. Emerging Contaminants, 3(1), 17–22.
Mangalgiri, K. P., Adak, A., & Blaney, L. (2015). Organoarsenicals in poultry litter: detection, fate, and toxicity. Environmental International, 75, 68–80.
Mazumder, D. N. G. (2008). Chronic arsenic toxicity & human health. Indian Journal of Medical Resources, 128(4), 436–447.
Miranda, M., Lopez-Alonso, M., Castillo, C., Hernández, J., & Benedito, J. L. (2005). Effects of moderate pollution on toxic and trace metal levels in calves from a polluted area of northern Spain. Environmental International, 31(4), 543–548.
NRC. (2001). Arsenic in Drinking Water, 2001 update. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
NRC. (2005). Mineral tolerance of domestic animals (p. 147). Washington, D.C.: Washington National Academy Press.
Pal, A., Nayak, B., Das, B., Hossain, M. A., Ahamed, S., & Chakraborti, D. (2007). Additional danger of arsenic exposure through inhalation from burning of cow dung cakes laced with arsenic as a fuel in arsenic affected villages in Ganga-Meghna-Brahmaputra plain. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 9(10), 1067–1070.
Peoples, S. A. (1964). Arsenic toxicity in cattle. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 111, 644.
Peres, J. M., Bouhallab, S., Bureau, F., Maubois, J. L., Arhan, P., & Bougle, Â. D. (1997). Absorption digestive du ferlie au case-inophosphopeptide 1–25 de la β-caseine.Le. Lait, 77, 433–440.
Rahman, M. A., Hasegawa, H., Rahman, M. M., Miah, M. M., & Tasmin, A. (2008). Arsenic accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.): Human exposure through food chain. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69(2), 317–324.
Rahman, M. M., Asaduzzaman, M., & Naidu, R. (2013). Consumption of arsenic and other elements from vegetables and drinking water from an arsenic-contaminated area of Bangladesh. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 262, 1056–1063.
Rahaman, S., Sinha, A. C., Pati, R., & Mukhopadhyay, D. (2013). Arsenic contamination: a potential hazard to the affected areas of West Bengal India. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 35(1), 119–132.
Raikwar, M. K., Kumar, P., Singh, M., & Singh, A. (2008). Toxic effect of heavy metals in livestock health. Veterinary World, 1(1), 28–30.
Rana, T., Bera, A. K., Bhattacharya, D., Das, S., Pan, D., & Das, S. K. (2012). Chronic arsenicosis in goats with special reference to its exposure, excretion and deposition in an arsenic contaminated zone. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 33(2), 372–376.
Rana, T., Bera, A. K., Das, S., Bhattacharya, D., Pan, D., & Das, S. K. (2014a). Subclinical arsenicosis in cattle in arsenic endemic area of West Bengal, India. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 30(4), 328–335.
Rana, T., Bera, A. K., Mondal, D. K., Das, S., Bhattacharya, D., Samanta, S., et al. (2014b). Arsenic residue in the products and by-products of chicken and ducks: A possible concern of avian health and environmental hazard to the population in West Bengal, India. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 30(6), 576–580.
Rogowska, K. A., Monkiewicz, J., & Grosicki, A. (2009). Lead, cadmium, arsenic, copper, and zinc contents in the hair of cattle living in the area contaminated by a copper smelter in 2006–2008. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 53, 703–706.
Roy, D., Kumar, D. T., & Vaswani, S. (2013). Arsenic: it’s extent of pollution and toxicosis: An animal perspective. Veterinary World, 6(1), 53–58.
Roychowdhury, T. (2008). Impact of sedimentary arsenic through irrigated groundwater on soil, plant, crops and human continuum from Bengal delta: special reference to raw and cooked rice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(8), 2856–2864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.019.
Roychowdhury, T. (2010). Groundwater arsenic contamination in one of the 107 arsenic-affected blocks in West Bengal, India: Status, distribution, health effects and factors responsible for arsenic poisoning. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 213(6), 414–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.09.003.
Sand, S., Concha, G., Öhrvik, V., & Abramsson, L. (2015a). Inorganic arsenic in rice and rice products on the Swedish market 2015. Part 2–Risk Assessment, Livsmedelsverket. National Food Agency, Livsmedelsverket (rapport nr 16/2015).
Sand, S., Bjerselius, R., Busk, L., Eneroth, H., Färnstrand, J. S., & Lindqvist, R. (2015b). The risk thermometer–A tool for risk comparison. National Food Agency (Livsmedelsverket) home page (2017–11–09): https://www.livsmedelsverket.se/globalassets/rapporter/2015/the-risk-thermometer. Pdf Rapport, 8–2015.
Sarkar, P., Ray, P. R., Ghatak, P. K., & Sen, M. (2016). Arsenic concentration in water, rice straw and cow milk–a micro level study at Chakdaha and Haringhata block of West Bengal. Indian Journal of Dairy Sciences, 69(6), 676–679.
Sattar, A., Xie, S., Hafeez, M. A., Wang, X., Hussain, H. I., Iqbal, Z., et al. (2016). Metabolism and toxicity of arsenicals in mammals. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 48, 214–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.10.020.
Selby, L. A., Case, A. A., Dorn, C. R., & Wagstaff, D. J. (1974). Public health hazards associated with arsenic poisoning in cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 165(11), 1010–1014.
Selby, L. A., Case, A. A., Osweiler, G. D., & Hayes, J. H. M. (1977). Epidemiology and toxicology of arsenic poisoning in domestic animals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 19, 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7719183.
Shaheen, N., Ahmed, M. K., Islam, M. S., Habibullah-Al-Mamun, M., Tukun, A. B., Islam, S., & Rahim, A. T. M. (2016). Health risk assessment of trace elements via dietary intake of ‘non-piscine protein source’ foodstuffs (meat, milk and egg) in Bangladesh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(8), 7794–7806.
Signes-Pastor, A. J., Mitra, K., Sarkhel, S., Hobbes, M., Burló, F., De Groot, W. T., & Carbonell-Barrachina, A. A. (2008). Arsenic speciation in food and estimation of the dietary intake of inorganic arsenic in a rural village of West Bengal, India. Journal of Agriculture Food and Chemistry, 56(20), 9469–9474. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf801600j.
Sigrist, M., Beldoménico, H., & Repetti, M. R. (2010). Evaluation of the influence of arsenical livestock drinking waters on total arsenic levels in cow’s raw milk from Argentinean dairy farms. Food Chemistry, 121(2), 487–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.069.
Tokunaga, H., Roychowdhury, T., Uchino, T., & Ando, M. (2005). Urinary arsenic species in an arsenic-affected area of West Bengal, India (part III). Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 19, 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.791.
USEPA (1998). Arsenic, inorganic. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), (CASRN 744038–2). http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0278.html.
USEPA (2005). Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC, EPA/630/P-03/001F.
Vahter, M. (1994). Species differences in the metabolism of arsenic. Environment Geochemistry & Health, 16, 171–179.
Vahter, M. (2002). Mechanisms of arsenic biotransformation. Toxicology, 181, 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00285-8.
Vahter, M., & Concha, G. (2001). Role of metabolism in arsenic toxicity. Pharmacology and Toxicology, 89(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.2001.890101.x.
Vegarud, G. E., Langsrud, T., & Svenning, C. (2000). Mineral-binding milk proteins and peptides: occurrence, biochemical and technological characteristics. British Journal of Nutrition, 84(1), S91–S98.
Ventura-Lima, J., Bogo, M. R., & Monserrat, J. M. (2011). Arsenic toxicity in mammals and aquatic animals: a comparative biochemical approach. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.11.002.
Walstra, P. (1999). Casein sub-micelles: do they exist? International Dairy Journal, 9(3–6), 189–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(99)00059-X.
WHO, (2011).Evaluation of certain contaminants in food. Seventy second report of the joint FOA/WHO expert committee on food additives, WHO technical report series No. 959. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva.
Wilson, R. H., & Lewis, H. B. (1927). The cystine content of hair and other epidermal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 73(2), 543–553.
Acknowledgement
We acknowledge the help of ‘field workers’, local farmers and villagers for collection and provide the required samples and related information to carry forward the study. Financial supports from “Department of Science & Technology’, Government of West Bengal (research project grant Memo No. 262(Sanc.)/ST/P/S&T/1G-64/2017, dated 25/3/2018), and Inter-University Research Project, RUSA (R-11/1092/19, dated 06/08/2019) are highly acknowledged.
Funding
This research was funded by Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of West Bengal (Research Project Grant Memo No. 262(Sanc.)/ST/P/S&T/1G-64/2017, dated 25/3/2018), and Inter-University Research Project, RUSA (R-11/1092/19, dated 06/08/2019).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Antara Das was involved in Research planning, analytical work, statistical presentation, initial draft preparation and revision work. Madhurima Joardar was involved in analysis, statistical presentation and draft checking. Nilanjana Roy Chowdhury was involved in statistical presentation and draft checking. Deepanjan Mridha was involved in statistical presentation and draft checking. Ayan De was involved in field survey, collection of samples and information from fields. Tarit Roychowdhury overall supervised the entire research study and manuscript revision.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declared that they have no conflict of interests
Availability of data and material
It can be shared as per the requirement.
Consent for publication
All the authors have agreed to publish this work in this well-known journal and no part of this manuscript is either published earlier, or under consideration anywhere.
Ethical approval
The health guideline for animal experiment has been followed and all procedures performed in this study involving animal participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institute.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Das, A., Joardar, M., Chowdhury, N.R. et al. Arsenic toxicity in livestock growing in arsenic endemic and control sites of West Bengal: risk for human and environment. Environ Geochem Health 43, 3005–3025 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00808-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00808-2