Abstract
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), is an economically important disease of cultivated cottons (Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense). Recently, Fov race 4 has spread among soils planted to cotton in the San Joaquin Valley of California causing significant losses. Because Fov 4 is seedborne and persists in infested soils, it is a potential threat to all US cotton production regions. Tests have been developed to rapidly identify race 4 in the laboratory and the field, including a race 4 specific PCR and a test kit for use with fungal mycelium and infected plant tissue. Currently, the test kit is the only available method to identify race 4 in the field. Both the PCR and kit tests were evaluated on a panel of 36 Fov isolates that represented all described races and many genotypes from several geographic regions. As expected, race 4 isolates gave positive reactions, as did race 7 isolates. One race 7 isolate was not vegetatively compatible with the race 4 isolates, while the other isolate of race 7 exhibited a compatible reaction. Isolates of race 7 and race 4 have identical partial sequences in three nuclear genes. In addition, the type isolate of race 3 gave a positive reaction. All other isolates, including the highly-virulent Australian isolates, were negative. The diagnostic tests clearly distinguished race 4 from races 1, 2, 6, and 8 but not from the race 3 and race 7 isolates tested here. Race 3 and 7 are similar in etiology to that of race 4, thus a method is needed to distinguish these in the field.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Armstrong, G. M., & Armstrong, J. K. (1960). American, egyptian, and indian cotton-wilt fusaria: their pathogenicity and relationship to other wilt fusaria. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 1219, 1–19.
Armstrong, G. M., & Armstrong, J. K. (1978). A new race (race 6) of the cotton-wilt Fusarium from brazil. Plant Disease Reporter, 62, 421–423.
Assigbetse, K. B., Fernandez, D., Dubois, M. P., & Geiger, J. P. (1994). Differentiation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum races on cotton by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Phytopathology, 84, 622–626. doi:10.1094/Phyto-84-622.
Bennett, R. S., Bell, A. A., Woodward, J. E., Lawrence, K. S., Rothrock, C. S., Kirkpatrick, T. L., et al. (2011) Progress report on a contemporary survey of the Fusarium wilt fungus in the United States. In Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Memphis, TN, (pp. 93–96). Cotton Council of America.
Bennett, R. S., Hutmacher, R. B., & Davis, R. D. (2008). Seed transmission of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4 in California. Journal of Cotton Science, 12, 160–164.
Bennett, R. S., Scott, T. Z., Lawrence, K. S., & Lawrence, G. W. (2013). Sequence characterization of race 4-like isolates of Fusarium oxysporum from Alabama and Mississippi. Journal of Cotton Science, 17, 125–130.
Cianchetta, A. N., Allen, T. W., Hutmacher, R. B., Kemerait, R. C., Kirkpatrick, T. L., Lawrence, G. W., Lawrence, K. S., Mueller, J. D., Nichols, R. L., Olsen, M. W., Overstreet, C., Woodward, J. E., & Davis, R. M. (2015). Distribution of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum in the United States. Journal of Cotton Science, 19, 328–336.
Chen, Q., Ji, X., & Sun, W. (1985). Identification of races of cotton wilt Fusarium in China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 6, 1–6.
Davis, R., Moore, N., & Kochman, J. (1996). Characterisation of a population of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum causing wilt of cotton in Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 47, 1143–1156. doi:10.1071/AR9961143.
Doan, H. K., Zhang, S., & Davis, R. D. (2014). Development and evaluation of AmplifyRP Acceler8 diagnostic assay for the detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4 in cotton. Plant Health Progress, 15, 48–52.
Fahmy, T. (1927). The Fusarium disease (wilt) of cotton and its control. Phytopathology, 17, 749–767.
Fernandez, D., Assigbetse, K., Dubois, M. P., & Geiger, J. P. (1994). Molecular characterization of races and vegetative compatibility groups in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 4039–4046.
Garber, R. H., Jorgenson, E. C., Smith, S., & Hyer, A. H. (1979). Interaction of population levels of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and Meloidogyne incognita on cotton. Journal of Nematology, 11, 133–137.
Holmes, E. A., Bennett, R. S., Spurgeon, D. W., Colyer, P. D., & Davis, R. M. (2009). New genotypes of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum from the southeastern United States. Plant Disease, 93, 1298–1304. doi:10.1094/PDIS-93-12-1298.
Hyer, A. H., Jorgenson, E. C., Garber, R. H., & Smith, S. (1979). Resistance to root-knot nematode in control of root-knot nematode-Fusarium wilt disease complex in cotton. Crop Science, 19, 898–901. doi:10.2135/cropsci1979.0011183X001900060036x.
Ibrahim, F. M. (1966). A new race of cotton-wilt Fusarium in the Sudan Gezira. Empire Cotton Growing Review, 43, 296–299.
Kim, Y., Hutmacher, R. B., & Davis, R. M. (2005). Characterization of California isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. Plant Disease, 89, 366–372. doi:10.1094/PD-89-0366.
Lawrence, K. S., M. Olsen, T. Faske, R. Hutmacher, J. Mueller, J. Marois, et al. (2015). Cotton disease loss estimate committee report, 2014. In Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, San Antonio, TX, 2015: Cotton Council of America.
Liu, J., Bell, A. A., Wheeler, M. H., Stipanovic, R. D., & Puckhaber, L. S. (2011). Phylogeny and pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum isolates from cottonseed imported from Australia into California for dairy cattle feed. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 57, 874–886. doi:10.1139/w11-080.
Nirenberg, H. I., Ibrahim, G., & Michail, S. H. (1994). Race identity of three isolates of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyd. & Hans. from Egypt and the Sudan. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 101, 594–597.
Skovgaard, K., Nirenberg, H. I., O’Donnell, K., & Rosendahl, S. (2001). Evolution of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum races inferred from multigene genealogies. Phytopathology, 91, 1231–1237. doi:10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.12.1231.
Wang, C., & Roberts, P. A. (2006). A Fusarium wilt resistance gene in Gossypium barbadense and its effect on root-knot nematode-wilt disease complex. Phytopathology, 96, 727–734. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-96-0727.
White, T. J., Bruns, S. L., Lee, S., & Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In D. Innis, J. Sninsky, & T. White (Eds.), PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications (pp. 315–322). San Diego, CA: Academic.
Xu, B. W., Wild, J. R., & Kenerley, C. M. (1996). Enhanced expression of a bacterial gene for pesticide degradation in a common soil fungus. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 81, 473–481. doi:10.1016/0922-338x(96)81465-6.
Yang, M. E. (2006). PCR-based detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4 and the effect of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4 soil density on Fusarium wilt disease development in cotton. University of California Davis.
Yang, M. E., Davis, R. D., & Hutmacher, R. B. (2006). Fusarium wilt cotton in California: characterization and PCR-based detection of race 4. In Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Memphis, TN, (pp. 93–96). Cotton Council of America.
Acknowledgments
We thank Cotton Incorporated for their generous support of this research and Dr. Kathy S. Lawrence, Auburn University, for providing fungal isolates with KL designation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Crutcher, F.K., Doan, H.K., Bell, A.A. et al. Evaluation of methods to detect the cotton wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4. Eur J Plant Pathol 144, 225–230 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0763-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0763-z