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Monitoring virulence of Bremia lactucae as a breeding tool against lettuce downy mildew from south and southwest Brazilian regions

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Abstract

Lettuce downy mildew caused by Bremia lactucae is one of the main diseases in high humidity and low temperature conditions. The identification of virulence factors appearing in the pathogen population could help improve breeding programs against this disease. This study aimed to monitor and evaluate virulence dynamic changes in B. lactucae virulence among two Brazilian regions to recommend resistance genes for breeding programs. Isolates from São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraná states were assessed using the sextet code EU-C composed by 16 Lactuca spp. genotypes, between 2015 and 2016. To understand the population dynamics, the frequencies of virulence phenotypes and factors and the virulence complexity per isolate (Ci), phenotype (Cp), and Gleason (Ig), indexes were calculated. B. lactucae virulence from Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo were similar and shared nine out of the 15 evaluated virulence factors. In total, 90 isolates were analyzed, and 27 virulence phenotypes were found. The most frequent sextet codes were 31–00-00, 31–00-02, 31–01-00, and 31–01-02. The genes or resistance factors present in ‘Argelès’ (Dm38), ‘Balesta’, and ‘Bartoli’ could be used as sources of resistance by Brazilian lettuce breeders.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks go to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) - Financing Code 001 for a research grant, to members of NEOM and Matheus Flávio for help during this study, to the farmers for allowing us to collect the samples, to Agristar do Brasil Ltda. for assisting in the collection of samples, and to Dr. Diederik Smilde for providing the seeds for the different cultivars.

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Author notes

  1. C. A. Franco and M. V. Marin contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Crop Production, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, UNESP- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil

    C. A. Franco, E. H. C. Silva, R. S. Soares, W. S. Candido, L. N. Souza, C. H. Caprio, R. L. Vidal & L. T. Braz

  2. Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA

    M. V. Marin

  3. Department of Plant Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian, UNESP- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil

    R. C. Panizzi

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  1. C. A. Franco
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Correspondence to C. A. Franco, M. V. Marin or L. T. Braz.

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Franco, C.A., Marin, M.V., Silva, E.H.C. et al. Monitoring virulence of Bremia lactucae as a breeding tool against lettuce downy mildew from south and southwest Brazilian regions. Eur J Plant Pathol 159, 179–189 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02154-y

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