Abstract
Total diet study approach was used to assess the dietary intakes of pesticide residues among the select population in Hyderabad. When assessed by a food frequency questionnaire, it was found that the food intakes varied among five socioeconomic sections (SES). Therefore, we intended to compare the intakes of pesticide residues through these foods among the five SES. A total of 195 foods from different markets were collected and analyzed for 19 pesticides. The residues were analyzed with a gas chromatograph and were confirmed with mass spectrometry. About 51 % of the samples were detected with one or more residues. Thirteen out of the 19 residues were present in levels above detection limits in various concentrations. The median concentrations of the residues in all the samples tested, ranged from 0.00010 to 0.33 mg/kg. Highest median concentration was for β-HCH in water samples. Exposures to all the residues were below the respective ADIs at both mean and 95th percentile levels of food intakes with highest estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of β-HCH in both the cases. The EDIs of β-HCH were the highest among all the residues at both the intake levels among all the SES. The EDIs of β-HCH were significantly higher in lower SES than higher SES possibly due to the consumption of rice cooked in water contaminated with β-HCH. EDIs for other residues did not differ significantly among the five SES.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP). 61. AICRP on Pesticides Residues, New Delhi. 2001. http://www.icar.org.in/node/612. Accessed 12 December 2012.
Anastassiades, M., Lehotey SJ. (2003). Fast and easy multi-residue method employing acetonitrile extraction/ partitioning and dispersive phase extraction for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. Journal of AOAC International, 86, 412–430. DOI:
Andhra Pradesh Total Diet Study. (2010). A report on dietary exposure assessment of chemical contaminants. Hyderabad: Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR).
Bakore, N., John, P. J., & Bhatnagar, P. (2002). Evaluation of organochlorine insecticide residue levels in locally marketed vegetables of Jaipur city, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 23, 247–252.
Battu, R. S., Singh, P. P., Joia, B. S., & Kalra, R. S. (1989). Contamination of stored food and feed commodities from indoor use of DDT and HCH in Malaria control programmes. Science of the Total Environment, 78, 173–178.
Battu, R. S., Singh, B., Kang, B. K., & Joia, B. S. (2005). Risk assessment through dietary intake of total diet contaminated with pesticide residues in Punjab, India, 1999–2002. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 62, 132–139. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.12.004.
Bhushan, C. (2006). Regulation of Pesticides in India. Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment.
Bureau of Indian Standards. (2004). Specifications package drinking water pp:1–18.
Centre for Sustainable Agriculture (CSA). Research Reports for Analysis and Action for Sustainable Development of Hyderabad (2007). Pesticides Residues and Regulation: A case of vegetables in Hyderabad Market. Project funded by Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany: “Research for the Sustainable Development of the Megacities of Tomorrow”.
Dethe, M. D., Kale, V. D., & Rane, S. D. (1995). Pesticide residues in/on farmgate samples of vegetables. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, 1, 49–53.
Dikshith, T. S. S., Kumar, S. N., Raizada, R. B., & Srivastava, M. K. (1989). Organochlorine pesticides in cattle feed. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43, 691–696.
Dikshith, T. S. S., Raizada, R. B., Kumar, S. N., & Srivastava, M. K. (1990). Residues of DDT and HCH in major sources of drinking water in Bhopal, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 45, 389–393.
Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Govt of India. (2010) http://indiaforsafefood.in/farminginindia. Accessed 12 September 2012.
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). (1986). Codex Maximum limits for pesticide residues 2nd edition. (Rome: Food and agricultural Organization).
Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (WHO/FAO). (1997). Food consumption and exposure assessment of chemicals. Report on an FAO/WHO Consultation, 10–14 February 1997. Geneva: FAO/WHO.
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). (2011). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. F.No. 2-15015/30/2010 Chapter 2. pp 5–9.
Gimmou, M. M., Charrondiere, U. R., Leblanc, J. C., & Puillot, R. (2008). Dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Yaounde: the Cameroon total diet study. Food Additives & Contaminants, 25, 458–471. doi:10.1080/02652030701567475.
Gupta, S. K., Verghese, S., Chatterjee, S. K., & Kashyap, S. K. (1982). Organochlorine insecticide residues in evoked meal samples in India. Pesticides, 16, 8–9.
Herbst, M. (1982). Toxicological differences between lindane and non insecticidal HCH isomers and their evaluations. Hanover, Germany: Proceedings of lindane workshop.
Kalpana, B. (1999). Human health risk assessment for exposures to pesticides: a case study of endocrine disrupters. Proceedings of the Eighth National Symposium on Environment. Kalpakkam, India
Kalra, R. L., Kaur, H., Sharma, S., Kapoor, S. K., Chakraborthy, S. S., Kshirasagar, R. B., et al. (1999). DDT and HCH residues in dairy milk samples collected from different geographical regions of India: A multicentric study. Food Additives and Contaminants, 16, 411–417.
Kang, B. K., Singh, B., Chahal, K. K., & Battu, R. S. (2000). Insecticide residues in market samples of cucumber and radish. Pestology, 24, 57–59.
Kannan, K., Tanabe, S., Ramesh, A., Subramaniam, A., & Tatsukawa, R. (1992). Persistent organochlorine residues in food stuffs from India and their implications on human dietary exposure. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40, 518–524.
Kaphalia, B. S., Takroo, R., Mehrotra, S., Nigam, U., & Seth, T. D. (1990). Organochlorine pesticide residues in different Indian cereals, pulses, spices, vegetables, fruits, milk, butter, desi ghee and edible oils. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 73, 509–512.
Kashyap, R., Iyer, L. R., & Singh, M. M. (1994). Evaluation of daily dietary intake of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethene (DDT) and benzenehexachloride (BHC) in India. Archives of Environmental Health, 49, 63.
Kole, R. K., Banerjee, H., & Bhattacharyya, A. (2002). Monitoring of pesticide residues in farmgate vegetable samples in West Bengal. Pesticides Research Journal, 14, 77–82.
Kumari, B., Madan, V. K., Kumar, R., & Kathpal, T. S. (2002). Monitoring of seasonal vegetables for pesticide residues. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 74, 263–270. doi:10.1023/A:1014248827898.
Kumari, B., Kumar, R., Madan, V. K., Singh, R., Singh, J., & Kathpal, T. S. (2003). Magnitude of pesticidal contamination in winter vegetables from Hisar, Haryana. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 87, 311–318. doi:10.1023/A:1024869505573.
Mukherjee, I., & Gopal, M. (1993). Organochlorine pesticide residues in dairy milk in and around Delhi. Journal of AOAC International, 76, 283–286.
Noronha, A. B. C., Khandekar, S. S., & Banerjee, S. A. (1980). Survey of organochlorine pesticide residues in cereals obtained from Bombay markets and its hinterland. Indian Journal of Ecology, 7, 165–170.
Nougadère, A., Sirot, V., Kadar, A., Fastier, A., Truchot, E., Vergnet, C., et al. (2012). Total diet study on pesticide residues in France: levels in food as consumed and chronic dietary risk to consumers. Environmental International, 45, 135–150. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.001.
Pandit, G. G., Sharma, S. S., Srivastava, P. K., & Sahu, S. K. (2002). Persistent organochlorine milk and dairy products in India. Food Additives and Contaminants, 19, 153–157. doi:10.1080/02652030110081155.
Reddy, J., Rao, B. N., Sultan, M. A., & Reddy, K. N. (1998). Pesticide residues in farmgate vegetables. Journal of Research Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, 26, 6–10.
Sasi, K. S., & Sanghi, R. (2001). Analysing pesticide residues in winter vegetables from Kanpur. Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 43, 154–158.
Shukla, M. P., Singh, S. P., Nigam, R. C., & Tiwari, D. D. (2002). Monitoring of human diet for organochlorine insecticide residues. Pesticide Research Journal, 14, 302–307.
Shukla, G., Kumar, A., Bhanti, M., Joseph, P. E., & Taneja, A. (2006). Organochlorine pesticide contamination of ground water in the city of Hyderabad. Environment International, 32, 244–247.
Singh, B. (2002). Pesticidal contamination of the environment in Punjab. Indian Journal of Ecology, 29, 189–198.
Singh, B.S., Battu, R.S. (2008). Regulation of pesticides residues in foods in India Compedium 28th Annual Conference of Society of Toxicology (STOX), India and International Symposium on Monitoring and Modulating global resources of environmental and food contaminants: Nature versus Chemicals, p8, Oct. 16–18, GADVASU, Ludhiana.
Sinha, S. N., Bhatnagar, V. K., Doctor, P., Toteja, G. S., Agnihotri, N. P., & Kalra, R. L. (2011). A novel method for pesticide analysis in refined sugar samples using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS/MS) and simple solvent extraction method. Food Chemistry, 126, 379–386. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.110.
Tanabe, S., Gondaira, F., Subraminan, A. N., Ramesh, A., Mohan, D., Kumaran, P., et al. (1990). Specific patterns of persistent organochlorine residues in human breast milk from south India. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 38, 899–903.
The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Pesticide Residues. (2012). Study report no.4. Centre for Food Safety Food and Environmental Hygiene Department. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. PP 21 and 41. http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/programme/programme_firm/files/Report_on_the_first_HKTDS_Pesticide_Residues.pdf. Accessed 12 November 2012.
Toteja, G. S., Mukherjee, A., Diwakar, S., Singh, P., & Saxena, B. N. (2003). Residues of DDT and HCH pesticides in rice samples from different geographical regions of India: a multicentric study. Food Additives and Contaminants, 20, 933–939. doi:10.1080/02652030310001600939.
Toteja, G. S., Diwakar, S., Mukherjee, A., Singh, P., Saxena, B. N., Kalra, R. L., et al. (2006). Residues of DDT and HCH in wheat samples collected from different states in India and their dietary exposure: A multicentric study. Food Additives and Contaminant, 23, 281–288.
World Health Organization (WHO)/International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). (2005). Draft report on FAO/WHO consultation on the principles and methodology for the assessment of chemicals in food. Chapter 7: Intake/exposure assessment. Geneva:WHO. http://www.int/ipcs/Food/exposure_assessment/en/index.html. Accessed 16 September 2012.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant provided by the Indian Council of Medical Research (grant number 09-FD06) and University Grants Commission, Govt. of India provided the fellowship (Senior Research Fellowship) to AB.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Betsy, A., Vemula, S.R., Sinha, S. et al. Assessment of dietary intakes of nineteen pesticide residues among five socioeconomic sections of Hyderabad—a total diet study approach. Environ Monit Assess 186, 217–228 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3367-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3367-0