Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Spatial patterns of pollutants in water of metropolitan drain in Lahore, Pakistan, using multivariate statistical techniques

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study was conducted to investigate the pollutant load in surface water of the Sattukatla drain in Lahore, Pakistan. This drain is receiving high volumes of pollutants from industries and municipal sewage. To study the pollution status of this urban drain, different parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, BOD, NO3, PO4, COD, K, Mg, Ca, Ni, Fe, Co, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn were analyzed. These 17 parameters were monitored along the longitudinal gradient of drain consisting of 15 key sampling sites. The studied parameters were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and factor analysis (FA). The HCA divided 15 sampling sites into three zones, i.e., low pollution, medium pollution, and high pollution. The PCA identified three major contributors, industrial followed by municipal sewage and agricultural sources. The trend of heavy metal levels was observed as Cu > Zn > Fe > Pb > Co > Ni > Cd. The results indicate levels of pollutants above the permissible limits described by NEQS, Pakistan for wastewater. There is an urgent need to address the issue and install treatment plants to reduce the pollution load on this urban drain in Lahore city.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adesuyi, A. A., Nnodu, V. C., Njoku, K. L., & Jolaoso, A. (2015). Nitrate and phosphate pollution in surface water of Nwaja Creek, Port Harcourt, Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Geology, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 3, 14–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Afzal, M., Shabir, G., Iqbal, S., Mustafa, T., Khan, Q. M., & Khalid, Z. M. (2014). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil and groundwater at leather industrial area of Kasur, Pakistan. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water, 42(8), 1133–1139. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201100715.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al Enezi, G., Hamoda, M., & Fawzi, N. (2004). Heavy metals content of municipal wastewater and sludges in Kuwait. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 39(2), 397–407. https://doi.org/10.1081/ESE-120027531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amin, N., Ayaz, M., Alam, S., & Gul, S. (2013). Heavy metals contamination through industrial effluent to irrigation water in Gadoon Amazai (Swabi) and Hayatabad (Peshawar) Pakistan. Journal of Scientific Research, 6(1), 111–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anyanwu, O. N. (2015). Effect of urban waste on the water quality of Mmiriocha River in Abakpa, Enugu State.

  • APHA/AWWA/WEF. (2006). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, American Public Health Association In W, E. Federation (Ed.). USA: Washinton D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baysal, A., Ozbek, N., & Akman, S. (2013). Determination of trace metals in waste water and their removal processes. In Waste Water-Treatment Technologies and Recent Analytical Developments: InTech.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Canada, E. (2001). The state of municipal wastewater effluent in Canada, In O. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Ontario K1A 0H3. (Ed.). Ontario: Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • CCME (2006). Municipal wastewater effluent in Canada:A report of the municipal wastewater effluent development committee.. In E. Canada (Ed.).

  • Chauhan, A., Verma, S., Bharadwaj, S., & Gupta, K. (2014). Monitoring of heavy metals in surface and ground water sources under different land uses in Solan, Himachal Pradesh. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment & Biotechnology, 7(3), 613. https://doi.org/10.5958/2230-732X.2014.01366.7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duzgoren-Aydin, N. S. (2007). Sources and characteristics of lead pollution in the urban environment of Guangzhou. Science of the Total Environment, 385(1), 182–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.06.047.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EPA, P. (2005). National Environmental Policy 2005 (p. 16). Ministry of Environment: Government of Pakistan.

    Google Scholar 

  • ESRI (2012). ArcGIS 10.1. Environmental Systems Research Institute Redlands, USA.

  • Hamid, A., Riaz, H., Akhtar, S., & Ahmad, S. R. (2016). Heavy metal contamination in vegetables, soil and water and potential health risk assessment. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci, 16(4), 786–794. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2016.16.4.103149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hina, S., Zahid, M., Baloch, I. H., & Pasha, T. S. (2011). Environmental impacts of Quaid-e-Azam industrial estate on neighboring residential area in Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 3(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2011.33023.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karvelas, M., Katsoyiannis, A., & Samara, C. (2003). Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process. Chemosphere, 53(10), 1201–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00591-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M., Khan, N., & Aslam, H. (2003). Hudiara drain-a case of trans-boundary water pollution between India and Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(2), 167-175.

  • Khattak, M. A., Ahmed, N., Qazi, M. A., Izhar, A., Ilyas, S., Chaudhary, M. N., et al. (2012). Evaluation of ground water quality for irrigation and drinking purposes of the areas adjacent to Hudiara industrial drain, Lahore, Pakistan. Pak. J. Agri. Sci, 49(4), 549–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarova, V., & Bahri, A. (2004). Water reuse for irrigation: agriculture, landscapes, and turf grass: CRC Press, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203499405.

  • Mahmood, A., & Malik, R. N. (2014). Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 7(1), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal, D., Labhasetwar, P., Dhone, S., Dubey, A. S., Shinde, G., & Wate, S. (2011). Water conservation due to greywater treatment and reuse in urban setting with specific context to developing countries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(3), 356–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.11.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manta, D. S., Angelone, M., Bellanca, A., Neri, R., & Sprovieri, M. (2002). Heavy metals in urban soils: a case study from the city of Palermo (Sicily), Italy. Science of the Total Environment, 300(1), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00273-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. A., & Stafford, S. (2013). Multivariate statistics for wildlife and ecology research: Springer Science & Business Media.

  • Metcalf, E., Asano, T., Burton, F., Leverenz, H., Tsuchihashi, R., & Tchobanoglous, G. (2007). Water reuse: Issues, technologies, and applications. New York, USA: Mc-Graw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazeer, S., Ali, Z., & Malik, R. N. (2016). Water quality assessment of river Soan (Pakistan) and source apportionment of pollution sources through receptor modeling. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71(1), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-016-0272-x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NEQs (2000). National Environmental Quality Standards. In M. o. E. Pakistan Environmental Legislation, Government of Pakistan. (Ed.).

  • Nergis, Y., Sharif, M., Choudhry, A. F., Hussain, A., & Butt, J. A. (2012). Impact of industrial and sewage effluents on Karachi coastal water and sediment quality. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 11(10), 1443–1454.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, W. (2011). Impact of industrial effluents on water quality of receiving streams in Nakawa-Ntinda, Uganda. M. Sc thesis,

    Google Scholar 

  • Qadir, A., Malik, R. N., Feroz, A., Jamil, N., & Mukhtar, K. (2013). Spatiotemporal distribution of contaminants in Nullah Palkhu-highly polluted stream of Pakistan. Journal of Environmental Science and Water Resources, 2(10), 342–353.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qadir, A., Malik, R. N., & Husain, S. Z. (2008). Spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Nullah Aik-tributary of the river Chenab, Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 140(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9846-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qadir, M., Wichelns, D., Raschid-Sally, L., McCornick, P. G., Drechsel, P., Bahri, A., & Minhas, P. S. (2010). The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. Agricultural Water Management, 97(4), 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rana, I. A., & Bhatti, S. S. (2017). Lahore, Pakistan–Urbanization challenges and opportunities. Cities.

  • Sarker, B. C., Baten, M. A., Eqram, M., Haque, U., Das, A. K., Hossain, A., et al. (2015). Heavy metals concentration in textile and garments industries’ wastewater of Bhaluka industrial area, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Current World Environment, 10(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.10.1.07.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R. (2001). Effect of wastewater disposal and extent of industrial pollution in and around Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 60(1), 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100640000079.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. In Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology (pp. 133-164): Springer.

  • Ukpong, E. (2013). Performance evaluation of activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (ASWTP) at QIT, Ibeno local government area of Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering Science, 2(7), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varol, M., Gökot, B., Bekleyen, A., & Şen, B. (2012). Spatial and temporal variations in surface water quality of the dam reservoirs in the Tigris River basin, Turkey. Catena, 92, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.11.013.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vitkar, S. (2014). Predictive analysis using data mining and GIS to study the impact of air and water pollutants as one of the factors affecting human health: a case study: Lulu. Com.

  • Wang, C., Hu, X., Chen, M.-L., & Wu, Y.-H. (2005). Total concentrations and fractions of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in sewage sludge from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 119(1), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.11.023.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Wang, P., Bai, Y., Tian, Z., Li, J., Shao, X., Mustavich, L. F., & Li, B. L. (2013). Assessment of surface water quality via multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of the Songhua River Harbin region, China. Journal of Hydro-Environment Research, 7(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2012.10.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waseem, A., Arshad, J., Iqbal, F., Sajjad, A., Mehmood, Z., & Murtaza, G. (2014). Pollution status of Pakistan: a retrospective review on heavy metal contamination of water, soil, and vegetables. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/813206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WWF. (2007). Hudaira drain pollution control a prefeasibility study (pp. 6–7). Lahore, Pakistan: WWF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, B., Song, X., Zhang, Y., Han, D., Tang, C., Yu, Y., & Ma, Y. (2012). Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of surface water and groundwater in Songnen plain, Northeast China. Water Research, 46(8), 2737–2748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.033.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The first author would like to acknowledge the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan, for providing a facility in the Environmental Science Laboratory, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, Pakistan, for drain water sample analysis. Special thanks to Dr. Rashid Mahmood, Mr. Sana Ullah, Mr. Luckman Ahmed, and Mr. Amir Sial for their continued efforts during the sampling period. The first author also appreciates the kind provision rendered by Professor Dr. Rukhsana David during the sample analysis in Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, Pakistan.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

    Shumaila Majeed, Sajid Rashid & Abdul Qadir

  2. Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan

    Shumaila Majeed

  3. 2Degrees, Auckland, New Zealand

    Colin Mackay & Faisal Hayat

Authors
  1. Shumaila Majeed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sajid Rashid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abdul Qadir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Colin Mackay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Faisal Hayat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shumaila Majeed.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Majeed, S., Rashid, S., Qadir, A. et al. Spatial patterns of pollutants in water of metropolitan drain in Lahore, Pakistan, using multivariate statistical techniques. Environ Monit Assess 190, 128 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6504-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6504-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation