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Kinetic field dissipation and fate of endosulfan after application on Theobroma cacao farm in tropical Southwestern Nigeria

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Abstract

Endosulfan, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano,2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide, is still a pesticide of choice for most cocoa farmers in Southwestern Nigeria, in spite of its persistence, bioaccumulative, toxicological properties, and restriction. A single treatment of 1.4 kg ai/ha (0.5% ai) of technical grade endosulfan (Thiodan, 35EC) was applied to 0.0227 ha of cultivated Theobroma cacao L. (Cocoa) farm at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN). Levels of parent endosulfan (α-, β-endosulfan) and major metabolite (endosulfan sulfate) were determined in vegetation and surrounding matrices at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 60 using GC-MS. Their kinetic variables were determined. Order of ∑endosulfan distribution at day 0 was dry foliage > fresh foliage > bark > pods > soil (0–15 cm). No residual endosulfan was found in cocoa seeds and subsurface soil (15–30 cm). Low residual levels in pods on day 0 may be due to endogenous enzymatic breakdown, with α-isomer more susceptible and α/β-endosulfan ratio being 0.90. Fell dry foliage as mulch was predominantly the receiving matrix for non-target endosulfan sprayed. Volatilization was key in endosulfan dissipation between days 0 and 7 from foliage surfaces (> 60% loss), while dissipation trend was bi-phasic and tri-phasic for vegetation and soil, respectively. ∑endosulfan loss at terminal day ranged between 40.60% (topsoil) and 99.47% (fresh foliage). Iteratively computed half-lives (DT′50) ranged from 6.48 to 30.13 days for ∑endosulfan in vegetation. Endosulfan was moderately persistent in pods—a potential source for cross contamination of seeds during harvest. Iteratively determined DT′50 and initial-final day DT50 are highly correlated (R = 0.9525; n = 28) and no significant difference (P = 0.05) for both methods.

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely acknowledge the Tertiary Education Trust Funds (TETFUND) for funding part of this research through the Niger Delta University and also the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, for the study fellowship and full access to their research laboratories granted to Vaikosen. E. N.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Edebi N. Vaikosen, Bamidele I. Olu-Owolabi & Kayode O. Adebowale

  2. WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, GL 1 XL, UK

    Edebi N. Vaikosen, Lorraine T. Gibson & Christine M. Davidson

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria

    Edebi N. Vaikosen

  4. Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Idi–Ayunre, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Uche Asogwa

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Vaikosen, E.N., Olu-Owolabi, B.I., Gibson, L.T. et al. Kinetic field dissipation and fate of endosulfan after application on Theobroma cacao farm in tropical Southwestern Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess 191, 196 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7293-7

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