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Physiological effects of salinity on Delta Smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus

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Abstract

Abiotic factors like salinity are relevant to survival of pelagic fishes of the San Francisco Bay Estuary. We tested the effects of 4 parts per thousand (ppt) salinity increases on Delta Smelt (DS) in a laboratory experiment simulating salinity increases that might occur around the low-salinity zone (LSZ) (<6 ppt). Adult DS, fed 2 % body mass per day, starting at 0.5 ppt [freshwater (FW)], were exposed to weekly step-increases of 4 ppt to a maximum of 10 ppt saltwater (SW) over 19 days, and compared to FW controls. DS (n = 12/treatment per sampling) were sampled at 24, 72, and 96 h (1, 3, and 4 days) post-salinity increase for analyses of hematocrit, plasma osmolality, muscle water content, gill chloride cell (CC) Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) and apoptosis after being weighed and measured (n = 3 tanks per treatment). No apparent increase in length or weight occurred nor did a difference in survival. Following step-increases in SW, hematocrit increased over time. Other fish responses generally showed a pattern; specifically plasma osmolality became elevated at 1 day and diminished over 4 days in SW. Percent muscle water content (%) did not show significant changes. CCs showed increased NKA, cell size and apoptosis over time in SW, indicating that CCs turnover in DS. The cell renewal process takes days, at least over 19 days. In summary, DS are affected by salinities of the LSZ and ≤10 ppt, though they employ physiological strategies to acclimate.

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Acknowledgments

This project was supported by California SeaGrant/Delta Science (grant #2053, Project # R/SF-55) to the University of California, Davis (UC D). All work was conducted in compliance with the Institutional Care and Use Committee Protocol #17332 at UC Davis. Thank you to the Fish Conservation and Culture Laboratory at UC D, Byron, CA for supplying Delta Smelt and equipment. This work was carried out in the Aquatic Health Program, UC Davis, at CABA of whom we would like to thank. Thanks is due also to CABA staff, Stephen Bennett, Professors Silas Hung, Dietmar Kültz and Pam Lein for technical support and also Dr. Bruce Hammock for his editorial comments.

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  1. Department of Veterinary Medicine: Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, VM3B, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Brittany D. Kammerer & Swee J. Teh

  2. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, 11 One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Tien-Chieh Hung

  3. California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Bay-Delta Region 3, 2109 Arch-Airport Rd., Suite 100, Stockton, CA, 95206, USA

    Randall D. Baxter

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  1. Brittany D. Kammerer
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Correspondence to Brittany D. Kammerer.

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Kammerer, B.D., Hung, TC., Baxter, R.D. et al. Physiological effects of salinity on Delta Smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus . Fish Physiol Biochem 42, 219–232 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-015-0131-0

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