Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Impact of city expansion on hydrological regime of Rispana Watershed, Dehradun, India

  • Published:
GeoJournal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Rispana River flows through the heart of Dehradun, the capital city of Uttarakhand State, India. Uttarakhand had separated from Uttar Pradesh State in the year 2000; since then, Dehradun City has witnessed numerous changes. Both urban sprawl and densification were noticed, with around a 32% increase in population. The city had faced recurrent high runoff and urban flood situations in these last 2 decades. Therefore, the study was conducted to detect the change in land use/land cover (LULC), especially urbanization, through remote sensing data; and later to determine the impacts of such changes on the Rispana watershed hydrology. The LULC maps for the year 2003 and the 2017 were generated through supervised classification technique using the Landsat Series satellite datasets. The LULC change analysis depicted that mainly the urban settlement class increased with significant area among other classes from the year 2003–2017. It was noticed that majorly agriculture and fallow land (8.18 km2, which is 13.52% of total watershed area) converted to urban, increasing the impervious area. Almost all the municipal wards, falling in the Rispana watershed, showed urbanization during the said period, with an increase of as high as 71%. The change in LULC or effect of urbanization on the hydrological response of the watershed was assessed using the most widely used Natural Resources Conservation Services Curve Number method. It was noticed that the area under moderated runoff potential (approx. 10.23 km2) steeply increased during the lean season, whereas, high runoff potential zones (5 km2) increased significantly under wet season. Therefore, it was concluded that an increase in impervious surface resulted in high runoff generation. Further, such LULC change along with climate might lead to high runoff within the watershed, which the present storm drainage network could not withstand. The situation generally led to urban floods and affected urban dwellers regularly. Therefore, it is critical to assess the hydrological impacts of LULC change for land use planning and water resource management. Furthermore, under the smart city project, the local government has various plans to improve present infrastructure; therefore, it becomes necessary to incorporate such observations in the policies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

(Source: NBSS&LUP)

Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The source of each data used is mentioned in the manuscript. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Abas, A. A., & Hashim, M. (2014). Change detection of runoff-urban growth relationship in urbanised watershed. IOP Conference Series: Earth Environment Science, 18, 012040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JR, Hardy EE, Roach JT, Witmer RE (1976) A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor. USGS Professional Paper 964, Washington, DC.

  • Aryal, S. K., Ashbolt, S., McIntosh, B. S., Petrone, K. P., Maheepala, S., Chowdhury, R. K., Gardener, T., & Gardiner, R. (2016). Assessing and mitigating the hydrological impacts of urbanisation in semi-urban catchments using the storm water management model. Water Resources Management, 30, 5437–5454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bansal, N., Mukherjee, M., & Gairola, A. (2015). Causes and impact of urban flooding in Dehradun. International Journal of Current Research, 7(2), 12615–12627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bera, D., Kumar, P., Siddiqui, A., & Majumdar, A. (2021). Assessing impact of urbanization on surface runoff using vegetation-impervious surface-soil (V-I-S) fraction and NRCS curve number (CN) model. Modelling Earth Systems and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01079-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beven, K. J. (2001). Rainfall-runoff modeling: The primer. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bian, G. D., Du, J. K., Song, M. M., Xu, Y. P., Xie, S. P., Zheng, W. L., & Xu, C.-Y. (2017). A procedure for quantifying runoff response to spatial and temporal changes of impervious surface in Qinhuai River basin of southeastern China. CATENA, 15, 268–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birkinshaw, S. J., O’Donnell, G., Glenis, V., & Kilsby, C. (2021). Improved hydrological modelling of urban catchment using runoff coefficients. Journal of Hydrology, 594, 125884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braud, I., Breil, P., Thollet, F., Lagouy, M., Branger, F., Jacqueminet, C., Kermadi, S., & Michel, K. (2013). Evidence of the impact of urbanization on the hydrological regime of a medium-sized periurban catchment in France. Journal of Hydrology, 485, 5–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, D., Mcentee, B., Onof, C., & Hagger, A. (2007). Sewer storage tank performance under climate change. Water Science and Technology, 56(12), 29–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Census of India (2011) Office of the registrar general and census commissioner, New Delhi, India. https://censusindia.gov.in Accessed 12 June 2018

  • Černá, L., & Chytrý, M. (2005). Supervised classification of plant communities with artificial neural networks. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16(4), 407–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chow, V. T., Maidment, D. R., & Mays, L. W. (1988). Applied hydrology. McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dams, J., Dujardin, J., Reggers, R., Bashir, I., Canters, F., & Batelaan, O. (2013). Mapping impervious surface change from remote sensing for hydrological modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 485, 84–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeFries, R., & Eshleman, K. N. (2004). Land use change and hydrologic processes: A major focus for the future. Hydrological Processes, 18, 2183–2186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diksha, & Kumar, A. (2017). Analysing urban sprawl and land consumption patterns in major capital cities in the Himalayan region using geoinformatics. Applied Geography, 89, 112–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimyati, M., Mizuno, K., & Kitamura, T. (1996). An analysis of land use/cover change using the combination of MSS Landsat and land use map: A case study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 17, 931–944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du, J., Cheng, L., Zhang, Q., Yang, Y., & Xu, W. (2019). Different flooding behaviors due to varied urbanization levels within river basin: A case study from the Xiang River basin, China. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 10, 89–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta, D., Rahman, A., & Kundu, A. (2015). Growth of Dehradun city: An application of linear spectral unmixing (LSU) technique using multi-temporal Landsat satellite data sets. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 1, 98–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi, R. S., Sreenivas, K., & Ramana, K. V. (2005). Land-use/land-cover change analysis in part of Ethiopia using landsat thematic mapper data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26(7), 1285–1287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elaji, A., & Ji, W. (2020). Urban runoff simulation: How do land use/cover change patterning and geospatial data quality impact model outcome? Water, 12(10), 2715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elga, S., Jan, B., & Okke, B. (2015). Hydrological modelling of urbanized catchments: A review and future directions. Journal of Hydrology, 529, 62–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, G., Yuan, Y., Gao, Y., Huang, X., & Guo, Y. (2018). Assessing the effects of urbanization on flood events with urban agglomeration polders type of flood control pattern using the hec-hms model in the qinhuai river basin China. Water, 10(8), 1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, B., Zhang, Y., & Bourke, R. (2021). Urbanisation impacts on flood risks based on urban growth data and coupled flood models. Natural Hazards, 106, 613–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garg, V., Aggarwal, S. P., Gupta, P. K., Nikam, B. R., Thakur, P. K., Srivastav, S. K., & Senthil Kumar, A. (2017). Assessment of land use land cover change impact on hydrological regime of a basin. Environmental Earth Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6976-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garg, V., Nikam, B. R., Thakur, P. K., & Aggarwal, S. P. (2013). Assessment of the effect of slope on runoff potential of a watershed using NRCS-CN method. International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology, 3(2), 141–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garg, V., Nikam, B. R., Thakur, P. K., Gupta, P. K., Aggarwal, S. P., & Srivastav, S. K. (2019). Human-induced land use land cover change and its impact on hydrology. HydroResearch, 1, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydres.2019.06.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geetha, K., Mishra, S. K., Eldho, T. I., Rastogi, A. K., & Pandey, R. P. (2007). Modifications to SCS-CN method for long-term hydrologic simulation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 133, 475–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, K. (2013). Unprecedented growth of Dehradun urban area: A spatio-temporal analysis. International Journal of Advancement in Remote Sensing, GIS and Geography, 1(2), 47–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hameed, H. M. (2017). Estimating the effect of urban growth on annual runoff volume using GIS in the Erbil sub-basin of the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Hydrology, 4, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology4010012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, M. J., Chen, A. S., Djordjević, S., Butler, D., & Mark, O. (2015). Urban flood impact assessment: State-of-the-art review. Urban Water Journal, 12(1), 14–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, R. H., Hjelmfelt, A. T., Jr., & Zevenbergen, A. W. (1985). Runoff probability, storm depth and curve numbers. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering (ASCE), 111(4), 330–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, M., Gallichand, J., Wang, Z., & Goulet, M. (2006). A modification to the soil conservation service curve number method for steep slopes in the Loess Plateau of China. Hydrological Processes, 20(3), 579–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Q., Wang, J., Li, M., Fei, M., & Dong, J. (2017). Modeling the influence of urbanization on urban pluvial flooding: A scenario-based case study in Shanghai, China. Natural Hazards, 87, 1035–1055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Husseni, K., Alkaabi, K., Ghebreyesus, D., Liaqat, M. U., & Sharif, H. O. (2020). Land use/land cover change along the eastern coast of the UAE and its impact on flooding risk. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 11(1), 112–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp

  • Kandpal V (2018) Case study on smart city projects in India: An analysis of Nagpur, Allahabad and Dehradun. In The 2018 Web Conference Companion (WWW 2018), April 23–27, 2018, Lyon, France, ACM, New York, NY, 6 p. https://doi.org/10.1145/3184558.3191522

  • Kibler, D. F., Froelich, C. D., & Aron, G. (2007). Analyzing urbanization impacts on Pennsylvania flood peaks. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 17(2), 270–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, M., Sharif, M., & Ahmed, S. (2020). Impact of urbanization on the river Yamuna basin. International Journal of River Basin Management, 18(4), 461–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, D. N. (1990). Groundwater recharge in urban areas. Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere, 24(1), 29–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., Liu, W.-Z., Zhang, X.-C., & Zheng, F.-L. (2009). Impacts of land use change and climate variability on hydrology in an agricultural catchment on the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Hydrology, 377, 35–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maithani, S. (2020). A quantitative spatial model of urban sprawl and its application to Dehradun urban agglomeration, India. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 48(11), 1583–1592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mark, O., Weesakul, S., Apirumanekul, C., Aroonnet, S. B., & Djordjević, S. (2004). Potential and limitations of 1D modelling of urban flooding. Journal of Hydrology, 299(3–4), 284–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mas, J. F., Velazquez, A., Gallegos, J. R. D., Saucedo, R. M., Alcántara, C., Bocco, G., Castro, R., Fernández, T., & Pérez-Vega, A. (2004). Assessing land use/cover changes: A nationwide multidate spatial database for Mexico. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5(4), 249–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meenu, R., Rehana, S., & Mujumdar, P. P. (2013). Assessment of hydrologic impacts of climate change in Tunga-Bhadra river basin, India with HEC-HMS and SDSM. Hydrological Processes, 27, 1572–1589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. D., Stewart, E., Hess, T., & Brewer, T. (2020). Evaluating landscape metrics for characterizing hydrological response to storm events in urbanized catchments. Urban Water Journal, 17(3), 247–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra SK, Babu PS, Singh VP (2007) SCS-CN method revisited. Advances in hydraulics and hydrology, Water Resources Publication (WRP), Colorado

  • Moniruzzaman, M., Thakur, P. K., Kumar, P., AshrafulAlam, M., Garg, V., Rousta, I., & Olafsson, H. (2021). Decadal urban land use/land cover changes and its impact on surface runoff potential for the Dhaka city and surroundings using remote sensing. Remote Sensing, 13, 83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Napoli, M., Massetti, L., & Orlandini, S. (2017). Hydrological response of land use and climate changes in a rural hilly basin in Italy. CATENA, 157, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Natarajan, S., & Radhakrishnan, N. (2020). Flood hazard delineation in an ungauged catchment by coupling hydrologic and hydraulic models with geospatial techniques—A case study of Koraiyar basin, Tiruchirappalli City, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assess, 192, 689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak, T. R., Verma, M. K., & HemaBindu, S. (2012). SCS curve number method in Narmada basin. International Journal of Geomatic and Geosciences, 3, 219–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oudin, L., Salavati, B., Furusho-Percot, C., Ribstein, P., & Saadi, M. (2018). Hydrological impacts of urbanization at the catchment scale. Journal of Hydrology, 559, 774–786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prenzel, B. (2004). Remote sensing-based quantification of land-cover and land-use change for planning. Progress in Planning, 61(4), 281–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remondi, F., Burlando, P., & Vollmer, D. (2016). Exploring the hydrological impact of increasing urbanization on a tropical river catchment of the metropolitan Jakarta, Indonesia. Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 210–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ronalds, R., & Zhang, H. (2019). Assessing the impact of urban development and on-site stormwater detention on regional hydrology using Monte Carlo simulated rainfall. Water Resources Management, 33, 2517–2536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sathish Kumar, D., Arya, D. S., & Vojinovic, Z. (2013). Modeling of urban growth dynamics and its impact on surface runoff characteristics. Computers, Environmental and Urban Systems, 41, 124–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sati, V. P. (2018). Cloudburst-triggered natural hazards in Uttarakhand Himalaya: Mechanism, prevention, and mitigation. International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering, 12(1), 45–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saurav, K. C., Shrestha, S., Ninsawat, S., & Chonwattana, S. (2021). Predicting flood events in Kathmandu Metropolitan City under climate change and urbanization. Journal of Environmental Management, 281, 111894.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schütte, S., & Schulze, R. E. (2017). Projected impacts of urbanization on hydrological resource flows: A case study within the uMngeni Catchment, South Africa. Journal of Environmental Management, 196, 527–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SCS (Soil Conservation Service). (1972). SCS national engineering handbook, section 4. Hydrology soil conservation service. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidl, M., Hadrich, B., Palmier, L., Petrucci, G., & Nascimento, N. (2020). Impact of urbanization (trends) on runoff behavior of Pampulha watersheds (Brazil). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 14259–14270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, S., Nahid, S., Sharma, M., Sannigrahi, S., Anees, M. M., Sharma, R., Shekhar, R., Basu, A. S., Pilla, F., Basu, B., & Joshi, P. K. (2020). A long-term and comprehensive assessment of urbanization-induced impacts on ecosystem services in the capital city of India. City and Environment Interactions, 7, 100047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha, S., Cui, S., Xu, L., Wang, L., Manandhar, B., & Ding, S. (2021). Impact of land use change due to urbanization on surface runoff using GIS-based SCS-CN method: A case study of Xiamen City, China. Land, 10, 839.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla, S., & Gedam, S. (2019). Evaluating hydrological response to urbanization in a tropical river basin: A water resources management perspective. Natural Resources Research, 28(2), 327–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sobhani G (1975) A review of selected small watershed design methods for possible adoption to iranian conditions, MS Thesis, Utah State University, Logan, UT.

  • Stonestrom, D. A., Scanlon, B. R., & Zhang, L. (2009). Introduction to special section on impacts of land use change on water resources. Water Resources Research, 45(7), 1–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanya, K. (2008). Engineering hydrology (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Chen, L., & Yu, X. (2016). Distinguishing human and climate influences on streamflow changes in Luan River basin in China. CATENA, 136, 182–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, P. D., Kumar, S., & Schneider, K. (2013). An assessment of land use change impacts on the water resources of the Mula and Mutha Rivers catchment upstream of Pune, India. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17, 2233–2246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Hu, C., Ma, B., & Mu, X. (2020). Rapid urbanization impact on the hydrological processes in Zhengzhou, China. Water, 12, 1870.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weng, Q. (2001). Modeling urban growth effects on surface runoff with the integration of remote sensing and GIS. Environmental Management, 28, 737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, X. D., Yu, D., Chen, Z. Y., & Wilby, R. L. (2012). An evaluation of the impacts of land surface modification, storm sewer development, and rainfall variation on waterlogging risk in Shanghai. Natural Hazards, 63(2), 305–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Karthikeyan, R., Bai, Z., & Srinivasan, R. (2017). Analysis of streamflow response to climate variability and land use change in the Loess Plateau region of China. CATENA, 154, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zope, P. E., Eldho, T. I., & Jothiprakash, V. (2017). Hydrological impacts of land use–land cover change and detention basins on urban flood hazard: A case study of Poisar River basin, Mumbai, India. Natural Hazards, 87, 1267–1283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Water Resources Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India

    Vaibhav Garg

  2. School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

    Aishwarya Anand

Authors
  1. Vaibhav Garg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Aishwarya Anand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vaibhav Garg.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author declares they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Garg, V., Anand, A. Impact of city expansion on hydrological regime of Rispana Watershed, Dehradun, India. GeoJournal 87 (Suppl 4), 973–997 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10695-4

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10695-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation