Skip to main content
Log in

Do liberal arts colleges make students more liberal? Some initial evidence

  • Published:
Higher Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effect of attending college on students’ political ideology has been a controversial topic for many decades. In this study, we explored the relationship between attending a liberal arts college and students’ political views. Compared to their counterparts at other 4-year institutions, liberal arts college students began postsecondary education with more liberal political views, but also made great changes toward liberal political views over 4 years of college. These greater gains persisted even in the presence of important confounding influences such as pre-college political views. In addition, our analyses suggested a global effect of attendance at a liberal arts college on the development of liberal political views. Attempts to explain the causal mechanisms underlying this apparent institutional influence were only partially successful.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Asel, A., Seifert, T., & Pascarella, E. (2009). The effects of fraternity/sorority membership on college experiences and outcomes: A portrait of complexity. Oracle: Research Journal of the Association of Fraternity/Sorority Advisors, 4(2), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. (1977). Four critical years. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. (1993). What matters in college? Four critical years revisited. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, L. M. (2000). Partisanship and Voting Behavior, 1952–1996. American Journal of Political Science, 44, 35–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, R. T. (1972). Tenure: aspects of job security on the changing campus. Research monograph 19. Atlanta: Southern Regional Education Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, A. N. (2003). Changes in attitudes toward women’s roles: Predicting gender-role traditionalism among college students. Sex Roles, 48, 131–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carifio, J., & Perla, R. (2008). Resolving the 50-year debate around using and misusing Likert scales. Medical Education, 42, 1150–1152. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03172.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, J. C. (1965). The family’s role in political socialization. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 361, 10–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dey, E. L. (1996). Undergraduate political attitudes: An examination of peer, faculty, and social influences. Research in Higher Education, 37(5), 535–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, E. (1959). The college influence on student character. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elchardus, M., & Spruyt, B. (2009). The culture of academic disciplines and the sociopolitical attitudes of students: A test of selection and socialization effects. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2).

  • Ethington, C. A. (1997). A hierarchical linear modeling approach to studying college effects. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (Vol. XII, pp. 165–194). New York: Agathon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, K., & Newcomb, T. (1969). The impact of college on students. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves, R. M., Fowler, F. J., Jr., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., & Tourangeau, R. (2004). Survey methodology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastie, B. (2007). Higher education and sociopolitical orientation: The role of social influence in the liberalisation of students. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 22, 259–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, D. (2006). The professors: the 101 most dangerous academics in America. Washington DC: Regnery Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, D. (2007). Indoctrination U. New York: Encounter Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, S., Scheuch, K., Schwartz, R, Gayles, J.G., & Li, S. (2008). Reinventing undergraduate education: Engaging college students in research and creative activities. ASHE Higher Education Report, Vol. 33(4). San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.

  • Iversen, G. R. (1991). Contextual analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, P. (1957). Changing values in college. New York: Harper and Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacoby, W. (1991). Ideological identification and issue attitudes. American Journal Political Science, 35, 178–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, S. (2004). Likert scales: How to (ab)use them. Medical Education, 38, 1217–1218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, J. T. (2006). The end of the end of ideology. American Psychologist, 61, 651–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M., & Napier, J. (2009). Political ideology: Its structure, function, and elective affinities. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 307–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, J. T., Ledgerwood, A., & Hardin, C. D. (2008). Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 171–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lottes, I. L., & Kuriloff, P. J. (1994). The impact of college experience on political and social attitudes. Sex Roles, 31, 31–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubke, G. H., & Muthén, B. O. (2004). Applying multigroup confirmatory factor models for continuous outcomes to likert scale data complicates meaningful group comparisons. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 11(4), 514–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mariani, M. D., & Hewitt, G. J. (2008). Indoctrination U.? Faculty ideology and changes in student political orientation. PS: Political Science and Politics, 41(4), 773–783.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, W. (1991). Party identification, realignment, and party voting: Back to basics. American Political Science Review, 85, 557–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • New York Times (2008). Election results 2008: National exit polls. Retrieved from: http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/national-exit-polls.html, January 19, 2011.

  • Pascarella, E. (2006). How college affects students: Ten directions for future research. Journal of College Student Development, 47, 508–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E., Cruce, T., Wolniak, G., & Blaich, C. (2004). Do liberal arts colleges really foster good practices in undergraduate education? Journal of College Student Development, 45, 57–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E., Salisbury, M., & Blaich, C. (2011). Exposure to effective instruction and college student persistence: A multi-institutional replication and extension. Journal of College Student Development, 52, 4–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E., & Terenzini, P. (1991). How college affects students: Findings and Insights from Twenty Years of Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E., & Terenzini, P. (2005). How college affects students (Vol. 2): A third decade of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E., Wolniak, G., Seifert, T., Cruce, T., & Blaich, C. (2005). Liberal arts colleges and liberal arts education: New evidence on impacts. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2001). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70, 41–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, S., Lichter, S., & Nevitte, N. (2005). Politics and professional advancement among college faculty. The Forum, 3(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sax, L. (2008). The gender gap in college: Maximizing the developmental potential of women and men. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seifert, T., Pascarella, E., Goodman, K., Salisbury, M., & Blaich, C. (2010). Liberal arts colleges and good practices in undergraduate education: Additional evidence. Journal of College Student Development, 51, 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terenzini, P. T. (1994). Educating for citizenship: Freeing the mind and elevating the spirit. Innovative Higher Education, 19(1), 7–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike, R., & Hagen, E. (1977). Measurement and evaluation in psychology and education (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Census Bureau (2010). Voting and Registration in the Election of 2008: Population Characteristics. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p20-562.pdf. January 17, 2011.

  • Weakliem, D. L. (2002). The effects of education on political opinions: An international study. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14, 141–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by a generous grant from the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts at Wabash College to the Center for Research on Undergraduate Education at the University of Iowa. A more extensive version of the report on which this paper is based is available at Center for Research on Undergraduate Education (CRUE) (http://www2.education.uiowa.edu/centers/crue/default.aspx).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jana M. Hanson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hanson, J.M., Weeden, D.D., Pascarella, E.T. et al. Do liberal arts colleges make students more liberal? Some initial evidence. High Educ 64, 355–369 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9498-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9498-8

Keywords

Navigation