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Ecological and Anthropogenic Correlates of Activity Patterns in Eulemur

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Abstract

The ultimate determinants of cathemerality, i.e., activity spread over the 24-h cycle, in primates have been linked to various ecological factors. Owing to the fast rate of habitat modification, it is imperative to know whether and how this behavioral flexibility responds to anthropogenic disturbance. The true lemurs (Eulemur clade) constitute a valuable case to study these potential effects, as all species studied so far exhibit cathemerality. Here we explored the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on activity patterns of Eulemur while controlling for ecological factors proposed as determinants of activity shifts. We first performed a meta-analysis using 13 long-term studies conducted over the last three decades on various populations of Eulemur. We fitted a beta regression using the proportion of diurnality (the activity taking place between sunrise and sunset) as the response variable and seven climatic, ecological, and anthropogenic disturbance variables at each site as predictors. We also present a validation with original data using year-round, 24-h activity of collared brown lemurs (Eulemur collaris) in forest fragments with different levels of disturbance in southeastern Madagascar. Diurnality was prevalent at most sites. Seasonality, proportions of leaves in the diet, and group size were all found to be significant predictors of the proportion of diurnal activity. After controlling for socioecological factors in the model, overall anthropogenic disturbance emerged as a negative predictor of diurnality. Our validation suggests that the lemurs in the more disturbed area exhibited more nocturnal activity than those in the less disturbed area. It is unclear whether the plasticity observed might allow populations of Eulemur to persist in disturbed areas longer than lemurs with less flexible activity patterns.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Steig Johnson for agreeing to co-organize the Eulemur symposium at the International Primatological Society (IPS) 2014 meeting in Hanoi. We are grateful to all the participants who made the symposium successful and have contributed to this volume. We thank all authors of the studies used in the article for sharing unpublished information about their study area. The original data on E. collaris presented in this article were gathered under the collaboration agreement with the Department of Animal Biology of the University of Antananarivo. We thank the Madagascar Institute for the Conservation of Tropical Environments (MICET), the Mandena Management Committee (COGEMA), and the Ministère des Eaux et Forets for their collaboration and permission to work in Madagascar. We thank Murielle Ravaolahy for helping with the data collection on E. collaris. We acknowledge the QMM biodiversity staff, especially Jean-Baptiste Ramanamanjato, Manon Vincelette, Johny Rabenantoandro, and the field assistants at Mandena and Ste. Luce. Finally, we are grateful to Joanna Setchell, Steig Johnson, and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments to the manuscript. Attendance at the IPS 2014 meeting by G. Donati was assisted by a Faculty Grant from Oxford Brookes University. The field research was supported by the Rufford Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom

    Giuseppe Donati, Marco Campera, Michela Balestri & Deborah J. Curtis

  2. Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy

    Valentina Serra & Marta Barresi

  3. Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 3HA, UK

    Christoph Schwitzer

  4. Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Luca Santini

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  1. Giuseppe Donati
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Donati, G., Campera, M., Balestri, M. et al. Ecological and Anthropogenic Correlates of Activity Patterns in Eulemur . Int J Primatol 37, 29–46 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-015-9876-7

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