Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The Influence of General Discrimination and Social Context on Young Urban Expecting Couples’ Mental Health

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Young expecting parents face a great deal of challenges as they transition into parenthood. This paper sought to identify racial and gender differences in the relationship between general discrimination, neighborhood problems, neighborhood cohesion, and social support on the depressive and stress symptoms among young expecting couples. Results indicated perceived general discrimination and less social support was associated with increased stress and depression. More neighborhood problems were related to increased depression and more neighborhood cohesion was related to less stress. Moderator analyses showed that the influence of general discrimination and stress was stronger for women than men. In addition, neighborhood cohesion was protective on stress for Blacks and Whites but not for Hispanics. These results indicate the need to address the broader social context for young expectant couples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adler, N. E., & Stewart, J. (2010). Health disparities across the lifespan: Meaning, methods, and mechanisms. Biology of Disadvantage: Socioeconomic Status and Health, 1186, 5–23. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05337.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almedom, A. M. (2005). Social capital and mental health: An interdisciplinary review of primary evidence. Social Science and Medicine, 61(5), 943–964.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • An, H. Y., Jiang, C. L., Xiong, Y. H., Inyang, A., Zhang, Q., & Lewin, A. et al. (2013). Advances in high power and high brightness laser bars with enhanced reliability. High-Power Diode Laser Technology and Applications Xi, 8605. doi:10.1117/12.2004979.

  • Auerbach, R. P., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., Eberhart, N. K., Webb, C. A., & Ho, M. H. R. (2011). Conceptualizing the prospective relationship between social support, stress, and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(4), 475–487. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9479-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beers, L. A. S., & Hollo, R. E. (2009). Approaching the adolescent-headed family: A review of teen parenting. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 39(9), 216–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borre, A., & Kliewer, W. (2014). Parental strain, mental health problems, and parenting practices: A longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 93–97. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.014.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Borrell, L. N., Diez Roux, A. V., Jacobs, D. R, Jr, Shea, S., Jackson, S. A., Shrager, S., & Blumenthal, R. S. (2009). Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, smoking and alcohol consumption in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Preventive Medicine, 51(3–4), 307–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braveman, P., Egerter, S., & Williams, D. R. (2011). The social determinants of health: Coming of age. Annual Review of Public Health, 32(32), 381–398. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broadhead, W. E., Kaplan, B. H., James, S. A., Wagner, E. H., Schoenbach, V. J., Grimson, R., et al. (1983). The epidemiologic evidence for a relationship between social support and health. American Journal of Epidemiology, 117(5), 521–537.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. D., Harris, S. K., Woods, E. R., Buman, M. P., & Cox, J. E. (2012). Longitudinal study of depressive symptoms and social support in adolescent mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(4), 894–901. doi:10.1007/s10995-011-0814-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckner, J. C. (1988). The development of an instrument to measure neighborhood cohesion. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16(6), 771–791. doi:10.1007/bf00930892.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, C. H., Antonakos, C. L., Tsuchiya, K., Assari, S., & De Loney, E. H. (2013). Masculinity as a moderator of discrimination and parenting on depressive symptoms and drinking behaviors among nonresident African-American fathers. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(1), 47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., Benjamin, H., & Underwood, L. G. (2000). Social relationships and health Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 1–25). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, J. E., Buman, M., Valenzuela, J., Joseph, N. P., Mitchell, A., & Woods, E. R. (2008). Depression, parenting attributes, and social support among adolescent mothers attending a teen tot program. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 21(5), 275–281. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2008.02.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creanga, A. A., Berg, C. J., Syverson, C., Seed, K., Bruce, F. C., & Callaghan, W. M. (2012). Race, ethnicity, and nativity differentials in pregnancy-related mortality in the United States 1993–2006. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 120(2), 261–268. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31825cb87a.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Silva, M. J., McKenzie, K., Harpham, T., & Huttly, S. R. A. (2005). Social capital and mental illness: A systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(8), 619–627. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.029678.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Divney, A. A., Sipsma, H., Gordon, D., Niccolai, L., Magriples, U., & Kershaw, T. (2012). Depression during pregnancy among young couples: The effect of personal and partner experiences of stressors and the buffering effects of social relationships. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 25(3), 201–207. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2012.02.003.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Echeverría, S., Diez-Roux, A. V., Shea, S., Borrell, L. N., & Jackson, S. (2008). Associations of neighborhood problems and neighborhood social cohesion with mental health and health behaviors: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Health & Place, 14(4), 853–865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellaway, A., Macintyre, S., & Kearns, A. (2001). Perceptions of place and health in socially contrasting neighbourhoods. Urban Studies (Routledge), 38(12), 2299–2316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ertel, K. A., James-Todd, T., Kleinman, K., Krieger, N., Gillman, M., Wright, R., & Rich-Edwards, J. (2012). Racial discrimination, response to unfair treatment, and depressive symptoms among pregnant black and African American women in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 22(12), 840–846. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.10.001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Flores, E., Tschann, J. M., Dimas, J. M., Bachen, E. A., Pasch, L. A., & de Groat, C. L. (2008). Perceived discrimination, perceived stress, and mental and physical health among Mexican-origin adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30(4), 401–424. doi:10.1177/0739986308323056.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flores, E., Tschann, J. M., Dimas, J. M., Pasch, L. A., & de Groat, C. L. (2010). Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and health risk behaviors among Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(3), 264–273. doi:10.1037/a0020026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fone, D., Dunstan, F., Lloyd, K., Williams, G., Watkins, J., & Palmer, S. (2007). Does social cohesion modify the association between area income deprivation and mental health? A multilevel analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36(2), 338–345. doi:10.1093/ije/dym04.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franco, L. M., Pottick, K. J., & Huang, C. C. (2010). Early parenthood in a community context: Neighborhood conditions, race-ethnicity, and parenting stress. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(5), 574–590. doi:10.1002/jcop.20382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gary, T. L., Stark, S. A., LaVeist, T. A., Gary, T. L., Stark, S. A., & LaVeist, T. A. (2007). Neighborhood characteristics and mental health among African Americans and whites living in a racially integrated urban community. Health & Place, 13(2), 569–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, R. L., Culhane, J. F., Iams, J. D., & Romero, R. (2008). Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. The Lancet, 371(9606), 75–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, M. L., Way, N., & Pahl, K. (2006). Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: Patterns and psychological correlates. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 218–236. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 42–57. doi:10.1037/H0087722.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hays, R. B., Turner, H., & Coates, T. J. (1992). Social support, aids-related symptoms, and depression among Gay Men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(3), 463–469. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.60.3.463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, C. R., Papas, M. A., & Black, M. M. (2002). Resilience among African American adolescent mothers: Predictors of positive parenting in early infancy. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(7), 619–629. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/27.7.619.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobel, C. J. (2004). Stress and preterm birth. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 47(4), 856–880.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, C., Crnic, K. A., & Baker, J. K. (2006). Maternal depression and parenting: Implications for children’s emergent emotion regulation and behavioral functioning. Parenting: Science & Practice, 6(4), 271–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241(4865), 540–545. doi:10.1126/science.3399889.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwamoto, D. K., Gordon, D. M., Oliveros, A., Perez-Cabello, M. A., Brabham, T., Lanza, A. S., & Dyson, W. (2012). The role of masculine norms and informal support on mental health in incarcerated men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 13(3), 283–293. doi:10.1037/a0025522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, D. A., & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York, NY: The Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C. (2003). Epidemiology of women and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74(1), 5–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ketterlinus, R. D., Lamb, M. E., & Nitz, K. (1991). Developmental and ecological sources of stress among adolescent parents. Family Relations, 40(4), 435–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, J. D. (2005). Adolescent pregnancy: Current trends and issues. Pediatrics, 116(1), 281–286. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0999.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Latkin, C. A., & Curry, A. D. (2003). Stressful neighborhoods and depression: A prospective study of the impact of neighborhood disorder. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(1), 34–44. doi:10.2307/1519814.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, A., Mitchell, S. J., Rasmussen, A., Sanders-Phillips, K., & Joseph, J. G. (2011). Do human and social capital protect young African American mothers from depression associated with ethnic discrimination and violence exposure? Journal of Black Psychology, 37(3), 286–310. doi:10.1177/0095798410381242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O’Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(5), 561–592. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markham, C., Baumler, E., Richesson, R., Parcel, G., Basen-Engquist, K., Kok, G., & Wilkerson, D. (2000). Impact of HIV-positive speakers in a multicomponent, school-based HIV/STD prevention program for inner-city adolescents. AIDS Education and Prevention, 12(5), 442–454.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milan, S., Kershaw, T. S., Lewis, J., Westdahl, C., Rising, S. S., Patrikios, M., & Ickovics, J. R. (2007). Caregiving history and prenatal depressive symptoms in low-income adolescent and young adult women: Moderating and mediating effects. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(3), 241–251. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00367.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitnick, D. M., Heyman, R. E., & Slep, A. M. S. (2009). Changes in relationship satisfaction across the transition to parenthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(6), 848–852. doi:10.1037/A0017004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mulvaney-Day, N. E., Alegría, M., & Sribney, W. (2007). Social cohesion, social support, and health among Latinos in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 64(2), 477–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muntaner, C., Ng, E., Vanroelen, C., Christ, S., & Eaton, W. W. (2013). Social stratification, social closure, and social class as determinants of mental health disparities. In C. S. Aneshensel, J. C. Phelan, & A. Bierman (Second Edition). Dordrecht: Springer.

  • Pieterse, A. L., Todd, N. R., Neville, H. A., & Carter, R. T. (2012). Perceived racism and mental health among Black American adults: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(1), 1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin, M. (2012). The role of young mothers’ coping with parenting stress in the quality of their parenting. (PhD), Tufts University, Ann Arbor, MI. (3512431).

  • Riina, E. M., Martin, A., Gardner, M., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2013). Context matters: Links between neighborhood discrimination, neighborhood cohesion and African American adolescents’ adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(1), 136–146. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9804-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbloom, S. R., & Way, N. (2004). Experiences of discrimination among African American, Asian American, and Latino adolescents in an urban high school. Youth & Society, 35(4), 420–451. doi:10.1177/0044118x03261479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J. (2003). The neighborhood context of well-being. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 46(3), S53–S64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheppers, E., van Dongen, E., Dekker, J., Geertzen, J., & Dekker, J. (2006). Potential barriers to the use of health services among ethnic minorities: A review. Family Practice, 23(3), 325–348. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmi113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seaton, E. K., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2010). An intersectional approach for understanding perceived discrimination and psychological well-being among African American and Caribbean Black youth. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1372–1379. doi:10.1037/a0019869.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science and Medicine, 32(6), 705–714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqi, A., & Nguyen, Q. C. (2010). A cross-national comparative perspective on racial inequities in health: The USA versus Canada. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 64(01), 29–35. doi:10.1136/jech.2008.085068.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stockdale, S. E., Wells, K. B., Tang, L., Belin, T. R., Zhang, L., & Sherbourne, C. D. (2007). The importance of social context: Neighborhood stressors, stress-buffering mechanisms, and alcohol, drug, and mental health disorders. Social Science and Medicine, 65(9), 1867–1881.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we—what next. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 53–79. doi:10.2307/2626957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. A. (2013). Self, identity, stress, and mental health. In C. S. Aneshensel, J. C. Phelan, & A. Bierman (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 357–377). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, C. F., Ku, L., Rogers, S. M., Lindberg, L. D., Pleck, J. H., & Sonenstein, F. L. (1998). Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: Increased reporting with computer survey technology. Science, 280(5365), 867–873. doi:10.1126/science.280.5365.867.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westdahl, C., Milan, S., Magriples, U., Kershaw, T. S., Rising, S. S., & Ickovics, J. R. (2007). Social support and social conflict as predictors of prenatal depression. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 110(1), 134–140.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • White, K., & Borrell, L. N. (2011). Racial/ethnic residential segregation: Framing the context of health risk and health disparities. Health & Place, 17(2), 438–448. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.12.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32(1), 20–47. doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yen, I. H., Yelin, E. H., Katz, P., Eisner, M. D., & Blanc, P. D. (2006). Perceived neighborhood problems and quality of life, physical functioning, and depressive symptoms among adults with asthma. American Journal of Public Health, 96(5), 873–879. doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.059253.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Supported by a Grant from the National Institutes of Mental Health (1R01MH75685).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Derrick M. Gordon.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gordon, D.M., Campbell, C., Washington, K. et al. The Influence of General Discrimination and Social Context on Young Urban Expecting Couples’ Mental Health. J Child Fam Stud 25, 1284–1294 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0313-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0313-5

Keywords

Navigation