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Post-glacial lake development and paleoclimate in the central Hudson Bay Lowlands inferred from sediment records

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Abstract

We compile a multi-proxy Holocene record from North Raft Lake located in the sub-Arctic Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada. Specifically, we use subfossil chironomid, diatom, and pollen assemblages, non-pollen palynomorphs, sedimentary chlorophyll a, magnetic susceptibility, and organic matter content to characterize terrestrial and lake processes and to track paleoclimate following land emergence from the postglacial Tyrrell Sea. Following recession of the Tyrrell Sea (~ 6600 cal yr BP), pollen assemblages are indicative of a salt marsh environment with the establishment of an opportunistic chironomid assemblage. By ~ 6200 cal yr BP, isostatic uplift reduced the marine influence and pollen and palynomorph assemblage changes indicate that North Raft Lake became a closed-basin freshwater system. At this time, pollen assemblages signify the establishment of a forested peatland dominated by Picea, and chironomid taxa indicate warming water temperatures. The North Raft Lake pollen/palynomorph record captures a warm and moist mid-Holocene (Holocene Thermal Maximum) period starting ~ 6200 cal yr BP. During this period, an increase in pollen concentration and a shift to higher abundances of Larix indicate watershed-scale succession and enhanced local ecosystem productivity. Shifts in chironomid taxa at ~ 5000 cal yr BP are indicative of abrupt limnological changes suggesting wet conditions that caused an expansion of littoral habitat. The gradual transition into Neoglacial cooling is signaled by an increase in the abundances of cold-stenothermal chironomid taxa and a small decline in pollen-reconstructed temperatures. Marked changes occur in the mid-twentieth century with the appearance of diatoms in notable abundances for the first time in the lake’s sedimentary record, the arrival of new chironomid littoral taxa, and unprecedented increases in sedimentary chlorophyll a and organic matter content. Throughout the North Raft Lake Holocene sediment record, the pollen trends suggest slow centennial-scale changes in temperature and precipitation, whereas chironomid assemblages indicate abrupt mid-Holocene and twentieth century limnological changes, stressing that biota in lakes of the Hudson Bay Lowlands may change substantially under future scenarios of global climate warming.

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Acknowledgements

We dedicate this paper in memory of Alice Telka, founder of Paleotec Services, and thank her for her careful work in preparing samples for radiocarbon analyses. We thank Albert and Gilbert Chookomolin for fieldwork guidance and insights into the Hudson Bay Lowlands region; Dr. Joan Bunbury and Shannon MacPhee for fieldwork assistance; Hearst Air, particularly pilots Georges and Mike Veilleux, for their first-rate air transport service in this remote region; the staff at the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks’ Dorset Environmental Science Centre for chemical analyses and database support; and Dr. Joshua Kurek for assistance with chironomid methodology and taxonomy. This work was supported by: Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks through the Climate Change and Multiple Stressor Research Program at Laurentian University, the W. Garfield Weston Foundation Fellowship from the Wildlife Conservation Society-Canada (to K. Hargan), the Northern Science Training Program (Polar Knowledge Canada), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada (to S. Finkelstein and J. Smol). Comments from two anonymous reviewers were appreciated and helped to improve this manuscript.

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  1. Maara S. Packalen

    Present address: Science and Research Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 1235 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2E5, Canada

  2. April S. Dalton

    Present address: Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Charles University, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic

  3. Kathryn E. Hargan

    Present address: Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NF, A1B 3X9, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen’s University, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada

    Kathryn E. Hargan, Kathleen M. Rühland & John P. Smol

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B1, Canada

    Sarah A. Finkelstein, Maara S. Packalen & April S. Dalton

  3. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Dorset Environmental Science Centre, 1026 Bellwood Acres Road, Dorset, ON, P0A 1E0, Canada

    Andrew M. Paterson

  4. Cooperative Freshwater Ecology Unit, Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada

    Wendel Keller

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Hargan, K.E., Finkelstein, S.A., Rühland, K.M. et al. Post-glacial lake development and paleoclimate in the central Hudson Bay Lowlands inferred from sediment records. J Paleolimnol 64, 25–46 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-020-00119-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-020-00119-z

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