Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Grassland fragmentation affects declining tallgrass prairie birds most where large amounts of grassland remain

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Landscape Ecology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 12 January 2021

This article has been updated

Abstract

Context

Habitat fragmentation can exacerbate the negative effects of habitat loss for some species. Mitigating fragmentation is difficult, however, because population responses depend on species-level traits (e.g., dispersal ability, edge sensitivity) and landscape context (e.g., habitat amount). Thus, conservation requires determining not only if, but also where and why, fragmentation matters.

Objectives

We aimed to determine if and where grassland fragmentation affects tallgrass prairie birds, which have declined precipitously due to land-use change. We surveyed four edge-sensitive species at 2250 sites (10,291 total surveys) across eastern Kansas, USA, over two breeding seasons. We assessed how the occurrence of each species varied with different levels of fragmentation in local landscapes comprising different grassland amounts.

Results

Fragmentation clearly mediated positive relationships between occurrence probability and grassland area for all four species. The direct effect of fragmentation was greater than that of grassland area for two species. Moreover, fragmentation reduced the occurrence of each species by at least half in some contexts. Fragmentation effects were most pronounced in landscapes comprising ~ 50–90% grassland, and less pronounced or absent in landscapes comprising < 50% grassland, which were occupied relatively infrequently.

Conclusions

Conservation efforts should minimize ‘perforation’ of large grasslands by woody vegetation and land development, which not only replace grassland, but also often create disproportionately large amounts of grassland edge. Identifying mechanisms responsible for edge effects could further inform species-level conservation. Our results counter assertions that fragmentation does not matter or only matters when habitat is scarce or for species that are dispersal limited.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 12 January 2021

    In the original publication of the article, Table 1 was published incorrectly. The level of significance for the modelled fixed effect of grassland edge density on Grasshopper Sparrow occurrence was omitted from the published table. Grassland edge density had a significant negative effect on Grasshopper Sparrow occurrence (<Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis> = − 0.71, standard error = 0.09, <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis> &lt; 0.001). The corrected version of Table 1 is shown below.

References

  • Abdi H (2004) Partial regression coefficients. In: Lewis-Beck M, Bryman A, Futing T (eds) Encyclopedia of social sciences research methods. Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrén H (1994) Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: a review. Oikos 71:355–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azpiroz AB, Isacch JP, Dias RA, Di Giacomo AS, Fontana CS, Palarea CM (2012) Ecology and conservation of grassland birds in southeastern South America: a review. J Field Ornithol 83:217–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton K (2019) Package “MuMIn” - Multi-model inference version 1.43.6. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn

  • Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S, Bojesen RH, Singmann H, Dai B, Scheipl F, Grotherndieck G, Green P, Fox J (2019) lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using “Eigen” and S4 version 1.1–21, http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4

  • BirdLife International (2016) Tympanuchus cupido. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679514A92817099. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679514A92817099.en. Accessed 10 Mar 2020

  • Bjørnstad ON (2019) ncf: Spatial Covariance Functions version 1.2–8. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ncf

  • Boesing AL, Nichols E, Metzger JP (2018) Biodiversity extinction thresholds are modulated by matrix type. Ecography 41:1520–1533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolker BM, Brooks ME, Clark CJ, Geange SW, Poulsen JR, Stevens MHH, White JSS (2009) Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 24:127–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan LA, Kuvlesky WP (2005) North American grassland birds: an unfolding conservation crisis? J Wildl Manag 69:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs JM, Knapp AK, Blair JM, Heisler JL, Hoch GA, Lett MS, McCarron JK (2005) An ecosystem in transition: causes and consequences of the conversion of mesic grassland to shrubland. Bioscience 55:243–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie JF, Giordano AJ, Ambu L (2015) Differential responses of large mammals to logging and edge effects. Mammal Biol 80:7–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnham K, Anderson D (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Collinge SK (2009) Ecology of fragmented landscapes. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Didham RK, Kapos V, Ewers RM (2012) Rethinking the conceptual foundations of habitat fragmentation research. Oikos 121:161–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ewers RM, Didham RK (2006) Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation. Biol Rev 81:117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fahrig L (1997) Relative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population extinction. J Wildl Manag 61:603–610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahrig L (1998) When does fragmentation of breeding habitat affect population survival? Ecol Model 105:273–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahrig L (2003) Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 34:487–515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahrig L (2013) Rethinking patch size and isolation effects: the habitat amount hypothesis. J Biogeogr 40:1649–1663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahrig L (2017) Ecological responses to habitat fragmentation per se. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 48:1–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahrig L, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Bennett JR, Boucher-Lalonde V, Cazetta E, Currie DJ, Eigenbrod F, Ford AT, Harrison SP, Jaeger JA, Koper N, Martin AE, Martin JL, Metzger JP, Morrison P, Rhodes RJ, Saunders DA, Simberloff D, Smith AC, Tischendorf L, Vellend M, Watling JI (2019) Is habitat fragmentation bad for biodiversity? Biol Conserv 230:179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.12.026

  • Fletcher RJ Jr, Reichert BE, Holmes K (2018a) The negative effects of habitat fragmentation operate at the scale of dispersal. Ecology 99:2176–2186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher RJ Jr, Didham RK, Banks-Leite C, Barlow J, Ewers RM, Rosindell J, Holt RD, Gonzalez A, Pardini R, Damschen EI, Melo FP (2018b) Is habitat fragmentation good for biodiversity? Biol Conserv 226:9–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuhlendorf SD, Harrell WC, Engle DM, Hamilton RG, Davis CA Jr (2006) Should heterogeneity be the basis for conservation? Grassland bird response to fire and grazing. Ecol Appl 16:1706–1716

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuhlendorf SD, Hovick TJ, Elmore RD, Tanner AM, Engle DM, Davis CA (2017) A hierarchical perspective to woody plant encroachment for conservation of prairie-chickens. Rangel Ecol Manag 70:9–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grand J, Wilsey C, Wu JX, Michel NL (2019) The future of North American grassland birds: incorporating persistent and emergent threats into full annual cycle conservation priorities. Conserv Sci Pract 1:e20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haddad NM, Gonzalez A, Brudvig LA, Burt MA, Levey DJ, Damschen EI (2017) Experimental evidence does not support the habitat amount hypothesis. Ecography 40:48–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hadley AS, Betts MG (2016) Refocusing habitat fragmentation research using lessons from the last decade. Curr Landsc Ecol Rep 1:55–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanski I (1998) Metapopulation dynamics. Nature 396:41–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanski I (2015) Habitat fragmentation and species richness. J Biogeogr 42:989–993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanski I, Gaggiotti OE (2004) Metapopulation biology: past, present, and future. In: Hanski I, Gaggiotti OE (eds) Ecology, genetics, and evolution of metapopulations. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 3–22

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves A (2019) Lasting signature of forest fragmentation. Science 366:1196–1197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes DB, Monfils MJ (2015) Occupancy modelling of bird point counts: implications of mobile animals. J Wildl Manag 79:1361–1368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helzer CJ, Jelinski DE (1999) The relative importance of patch area and perimeter-area ratio to grassland breeding birds. Ecol Appl 9:1448

    Google Scholar 

  • Herkert JR (1994) The effects of habitat fragmentation on Midwestern grassland bird communities. Ecol Appl 4:461–471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herse MR, Estey ME, Moore PJ, Sandercock BK, Boyle WA (2017) Landscape context drives breeding habitat selection by an enigmatic grassland songbird. Landsc Ecol 32:2351–2364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herse MR, With KA, Boyle WA (2018) The importance of core habitat for a threatened species in changing landscapes. J Appl Ecol 55:2241–2252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill JM, Sandercock BK, Renfrew RB (2019) Migration patterns of Upland Sandpipers in the Western Hemisphere. Front Ecol Evol 7:426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra JM, Boucher TM, Ricketts TH, Roberts C (2005) Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection. Ecol Lett 8:23–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houston C, Jackson C, Bowen Jr D (2011) Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), version 2.0. In: Poole AF (ed) The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca. http://doi.org/10.2173/bna.580. Accessed 10 March 2020

  • Hovick TJ, Dahlgren DK, Papeş M, Elmore RD, Pitman JC (2015a) Predicting Greater Prairie-Chicken lek site suitability to inform conservation actions. PLoS ONE 10:e0137021

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hovick TJ, Elmore RD, Dahlgren DK, Fuhlendorf SD, Engle DM (2014) Evidence of negative effects of anthropogenic structures on wildlife: a review of grouse survival and behaviour. J Appl Ecol 51:1680–1689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hovick TJ, Elmore RD, Fuhlendorf SD, Engle DM, Hamilton RG (2015b) Spatial heterogeneity increases diversity and stability in grassland bird communities. Ecol Appl 25:662–672

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) (2019) Global Assessment Summary for Policy Makers. IPBES Secretariat, Bonn

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaster L, Jensen WE, Forbes AR (2013) Abundance, territory sizes, and pairing success of male Henslow’s Sparrows in restored warm- and cool-season grasslands. J Field Ornithol 84:234–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RG, Temple SA (1990) Nest predation and brood parasitism of tallgrass prairie birds. J Wildl Manag 54:106–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King AW, With KA (2002) Dispersal success on spatially structured landscapes: when do spatial pattern and dispersal behavior really matter? Ecol Model 147:23–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klug PE, Jackrel SL, With KA (2010) Linking snake habitat use to nest predation risk in grassland birds: the dangers of shrub cover. Oecologia 162:803–813

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kulmatiski A, Beard KH (2013) Woody plant encroachment facilitated by increased precipitation intensity. Nat Clim Change 3:833–837

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levins R (1969) Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. Bull Entomol Soc Am 15:237–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Lituma CM, Buehler DA (2016) Minimal bias in surveys of grassland birds from roadsides. Condor 118:715–727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lockhart J, Koper N (2018) Northern prairie songbirds are more strongly influenced by grassland configuration than grassland amount. Landsc Ecol 33:1543–1558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1967) The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie DI, Nichols JD, Hines JE, Knutson MG, Franklin AB (2003) Estimating site occupancy, colonization, and local extinction when a species is detected imperfectly. Ecology 84:2200–2207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie DI, Nichols JD, Lachman GB, Droege S, Royle JA, Langtimm CA (2002) Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one. Ecology 83:2248–2255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie DI, Royle A (2005) Designing occupancy studies: general advice and allocating survey effort. J Appl Ecol 42:1105–1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin CA (2018) An early synthesis of the habitat amount hypothesis. Landsc Ecol 33:1831–1835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews TW, Tyre AJ, Taylor JS, Lusk JJ, Powell LA (2011) Habitat selection and brood survival of Greater Prairie-Chickens. In: Sandercock BK, Martin K, Segelbacher G (eds) Ecology, conservation, and management of grouse. Studies in Avian Biology (no. 39), University of California Press, Berkley, pp 179–191

  • Matthews TW, Tyre AJ, Taylor JS, Lusk JJ, Powell LA (2013) Greater prairie-chicken nest success and habitat selection in southeastern Nebraska. J Wildl Manag 77:1202–1212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGarigal K, Cushman SA, Ene E (2012) FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical and Continuous Maps. http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html

  • McGarigal K, Wan HY, Zeller KA, Timm BC, Cushman SA (2016) Multi-scale habitat selection modeling: a review and outlook. Landsc Ecol 31:1161–1175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNew LB, Hunt LM, Gregory AJ, Wisely SM, Sandercock BK (2014) Effects of wind energy development on nesting ecology of Greater Prairie-Chickens in fragmented grasslands. Conserv Biol 28:1089–1099

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa S, Johnson PCD, Schielzeth H (2017) The coefficient of determination R2 and intra-class correlation coefficient from generalized linear mixed-effects models revisited and expanded. J R Soc B 14:20170213

    Google Scholar 

  • North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI) (2016) The State of North America’s Birds 2016. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa

    Google Scholar 

  • North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI), U.S. Committee (2011) The State of the Birds 2011 Report on Public Lands and Waters. U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Omernik JM (1987) Ecoregions of the Conterminous United States. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 77:118–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patten MA, Pruett CL, Wolfe DH (2011) Home range size and movements of Greater Prairie-Chickens. In: Sandercock BK, Martin K, Segelbacher G (eds) Ecology, conservation, and management of grouse. Studies in Avian Biology (no. 39), University of California Press, Berkley, pp 51–62

  • Pérez-Rodríguez A, Khimoun A, Ollivier A, Eraud C, Faivre B, Garnier S (2018) Habitat fragmentation, not habitat loss, drives the prevalence of blood parasites in a Caribbean passerine. Ecography 41:1835–1849

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson D, Whistler J, Egbert E, Martinko E (2010) 2005 Kansas land cover patterns: Phase II Final Report. Open-file Report 167. Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence, KS

  • R Core Team (2019) R: a language environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahmig CJ, Jensen WE, With KA (2009) Grassland bird responses to land management in the largest remaining tallgrass prairie. Conserv Biol 23:420–432

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratajczak Z, Nippert JB, Briggs JM, Blair JM (2014) Fire dynamics distinguish grasslands, shrublands and woodlands as alternative attractors in the Central Great Plains of North America. J Ecol 102:1374–1385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reinking DL (2005) Fire regimes and avian responses in the central tallgrass prairie. Stud Avian Biol 30:116–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew RB, Ribic CA (2003) Grassland passerine nest predators near pasture edges identified on videotape. Auk 120:371–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renfrew RB, Ribic CA (2008) Multi-scale models of grassland passerine abundance in a fragmented system in Wisconsin. Landsc Ecol 23:181–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribic CA, Koford RR, Herkert JR, Johnson DH, Niemuth ND, Naugle DE, Bakker KK, Sample DW, Renfrew RB (2009) Area sensitivity in North American grassland birds: patterns and processes. Auk 126:233–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ries L, Fletcher RJ Jr, Battin J, Sisk TD (2004) Ecological responses to habitat edges: mechanisms, models, and variability explained. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:491–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg KV, Kennedy JA, Dettmers R, Ford RP, Reynolds D, Alexander JD, Beardmore CJ, Blancher PJ, Bogart RE, Butcher GS, Camfield AF (2016) Partners in Flight Landbird Conservation Plan: 2016 Revision for Canada and Continental United States. Partners in Flight Science Committee

  • Ruffell J, Banks-Leite C, Didham RK (2016) Accounting for the causal basis of collinearity when measuring the effects of habitat loss versus habitat fragmentation. Oikos 125:117–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samson F, Knopf F (1994) Prairie conservation in North America. Bioscience 44:418–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandercock BK, Alfaro-Barrios M, Casey AE, Johnson TN, Mong TW, Odom KJ, Strum KM, Winder VL (2015) Effects of grazing and prescribed fire on resource selection and nest survival of upland sandpipers in an experimental landscape. Landsc Ecol 30:325–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer JR, Niven DK, Hines JE, Ziolkowski Jr DJ, Pardieck KL, Fallon JE, Link WA (2017) The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966–2015. Version 2.07.2017. USGS Patuxtent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MA

  • Scholtz R, Polo JA, Tanner EP, Fuhlendorf SD (2018) Grassland fragmentation and its influence on woody plant cover in the southern Great Plains, USA. Landsc Ecol 33:1785–1797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer JA, Buhl DA (2016) Effects of wind-energy facilities on breeding grassland bird distributions. Conserv Biol 30:59–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez AV, Bolger DT, Case TJ (1998) Effects of fragmentation and invasion on native any communities in coastal southern California. Ecology 79:2041–2056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swift TL, Hannon SJ (2010) Critical thresholds associated with habitat loss: a review of the concepts, evidence, and applications. Biol Rev 85:35–53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tack JD, Quamen FR, Kelsey K, Naugle DE (2017) Doing more with less: removing trees in a prairie system improves value of grasslands for obligate bird species. J Environ Manag 198:163–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tscharntke T, Tylianakis JM, Rand TA, Didham RK, Fahrig L, Batáry P, Bengtsson J, Clough Y, Crist TO, Dormann CF, Ewers RM (2012) Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes-eight hypotheses. Biol Rev 87:661–685

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valente JJ, Betts MG (2019) Response to fragmentation by avian communities is mediated by species traits. Divers Distrib 25:48–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Houtan KS, Pimm SL, Halley JM, Bierregaard RO, Lovejoy TE (2007) Dispersal of Amazonian birds in continuous and fragmented forest. Ecol Lett 10:219–229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vickery PD (1996) Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), version 2.0. In: Poole AF, Gill FB (eds) The birds of North America online

  • Vickery PD, Hunter ML, Melvin SM (1994) Effects of habitat area on the distribution of grassland birds in Maine. Conserv Biol 8:1087–1097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villard M-A, Metzger JP (2014) Beyond the fragmentation debate: a conceptual model to predict when habitat configuration really matters. J Appl Ecol 51:309–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams EJ, Boyle WA (2018) Patterns and correlates of within-season breeding dispersal: a common strategy in a declining grassland songbird. Auk 135:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winder VL, McNew LB, Gregory AJ, Hunt LM, Wisely SM, Sandercock BK (2014) Space use by female Greater Prairie-Chickens in response to wind energy development. Ecosphere 5:3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winter M, Johnson DH, Faaborg J (2000) Evidence for edge effects on multiple levels in tallgrass prairie. Condor 102:256–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • With KA (1994) The hazards of nesting near shrubs for a grassland bird, the McCown’s Longspur. Condor 96:1009–1019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • With KA (2016) Are landscapes more than the sum of their patches? Landsc Ecol 31:969–980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • With KA, Crist TO (1995) Critical thresholds in species’ responses to landscape structure. Ecology 76:2446–2459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • With KA, King AW (1999) Extinction thresholds for species in fractal landscapes. Conserv Biol 13:314–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • With KA, King AW (2001) Analysis of landscape sources and sinks: the effect of spatial pattern on avian demography. Biol Conserv 100:75–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • With KA, King AW, Jensen WE (2008) Remaining large grasslands may not be sufficient to prevent grassland bird declines. Biol Conserv 141:3152–3167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • With KA, Pavuk DM (2012) Direct versus indirect effects of habitat fragmentation on community patterns in experimental landscapes. Oecologia 170:517–528

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young AC (2017) Seasonal fecundity and post-fledging survival and habitat selection of Henslow’s Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii). MS Thesis, University of Nebraska

  • Zimmerman JL (1988) Breeding season habitat selection by the Henslow’s Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) in Kansas. Wilson Bull 100:17–24

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank our field crew, K. Courtois, P. Moore, L. Rhine, K. Scott, P. Turner, and E. Wilson, and laboratory assistant S. Replogle-Curnutt. M. Estey provided logistical support, and B. Meiwes and V. Cikanek of Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism provided accommodations at Fall River Wildlife Area. This project was funded by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Eastern Tallgrass Prairie and Big Rivers Landscape Conservation Cooperative.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA

    Mark R. Herse, Kimberly A. With & W. Alice Boyle

  2. School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand

    Mark R. Herse

Authors
  1. Mark R. Herse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kimberly A. With
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. W. Alice Boyle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark R. Herse.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Below is the link to the electronic Supplementary Material.

Supplementary Material 1 (DOCX 354 kb)

Supplementary Material 2 (CSV 340 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Herse, M.R., With, K.A. & Boyle, W.A. Grassland fragmentation affects declining tallgrass prairie birds most where large amounts of grassland remain. Landscape Ecol 35, 2791–2804 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01064-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01064-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation