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Effects of repeated restraint stress and WiFi signal exposure on behavior and oxidative stress in rats

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Abstract

Today, due to technology development and aversive events of daily life, Human exposure to both radiofrequency and stress is unavoidable. This study investigated the co-exposure to repeated restraint stress and WiFi signal on cognitive function and oxidative stress in brain of male rats. Animals were divided into four groups: Control, WiFi-exposed, restrained and both WiFi-exposed and restrained groups. Each of WiFi exposure and restraint stress occurred 2 h (h)/day during 20 days. Subsequently, various tests were carried out for each group, such as anxiety in elevated plus maze, spatial learning abilities in the water maze, cerebral oxidative stress response and cholinesterase activity in brain and serum. Results showed that WiFi exposure and restraint stress, alone and especially if combined, induced an anxiety-like behavior without impairing spatial learning and memory abilities in rats. At cerebral level, we found an oxidative stress response triggered by WiFi and restraint, per se and especially when combined as well as WiFi-induced increase in acetylcholinesterase activity. Our results reveal that there is an impact of WiFi signal and restraint stress on the brain and cognitive processes especially in elevated plus maze task. In contrast, there are no synergistic effects between WiFi signal and restraint stress on the brain.

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Abbreviations

ANOVA:

analysis of variance

AP:

access point

ATP:

adenosine triphosphate

CA:

Cornu Ammonis

CAT:

catalase

CNS:

central nervous system

DNA:

deoxyribonucleic acid

DTNB:

5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)

E:

east

GHz:

gigahertz

h:

hour

Hz:

hertz

K+ :

Potassium ion

MDA:

malondialdehyde level

MHz:

megahertz

mM:

Millimolar

mW:

milliwatt

N:

north

Na+ :

Sodium ion

NCAM:

neural cell adhesion molecule

nm:

nanometre

pSAPs:

protected stretched attend postures

RF:

radiofrequency

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

rpm:

revolution per minute

SAR:

specific absorption rate

S:

south

S.E.M:

standard error of the mean

-SH:

Sulfydryl

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

W:

west

WiFi:

Wireless Fidelity

WPA:

Wi-Fi Protected Access

μL:

microlitre

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Acknowledgements

Financial support of the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research is gratefully acknowledged. Financial disclosures: none declared. The authors would like to thank Dr. Hidouri Slah for helpful advice on the manuscript’s English.

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  1. Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, University of Carthage, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia

    Haifa Othman, Mohamed Ammari, Mohsen Sakly & Hafedh Abdelmelek

  2. Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 9, Rue Zouhair Essafi, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia

    Mohamed Ammari

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  1. Haifa Othman
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Othman, H., Ammari, M., Sakly, M. et al. Effects of repeated restraint stress and WiFi signal exposure on behavior and oxidative stress in rats. Metab Brain Dis 32, 1459–1469 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-017-0016-2

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