Skip to main content
Log in

Giving voice to vulnerable people: the value of shadowing for phenomenological healthcare research

  • Scientific Contribution
  • Published:
Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Phenomenological healthcare research should include the lived experiences of a broad group of healthcare users. In this paper it is shown how shadowing can give a voice to people in vulnerable situations who are often excluded from interview studies. Shadowing is an observational method in which the researcher observes an individual during a relatively long time. Central aspects of the method are the focus on meaning expressed by the whole body, and an extended stay of the researcher in the phenomenal event itself. Inherent in shadowing is a degree of ambivalence that both challenges the researcher and provides meaningful insights about the phenomenon. A case example of a phenomenological study on the experiences of elderly hospital patients is used to show what shadowing yields.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agich, G.J. 2003. Dependence and autonomy in old age. An ethical framework for long-term care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth, A., and P. Ashworth. 2003. The lifeworld as phenomenon and as research heuristic, exemplified by a study on the lifeworld of a person suffering Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 34(2): 179–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berlin Hallrup, L., D. Albertsson, A. Bengtsson Tops, K. Dahlberg, and B. Grahn. 2009. Elderly women’s experiences of living with fall risk in a fragile body: A reflective lifeworld approach. Health and Social Care in the Community 17(4): 379–387.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carel, H. 2011. Phenomenology and its application in medicine. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 32: 33–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson, G., K. Dahlberg, K. Lützen, and M. Nystrom. 2004. Violent encounters in psychiatric care: A phenomenological study of embodied caring knowledge. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 25: 191–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Convinsky, K.E., R.M. Palmer, R.H. Fortinsky, S.R. Counsell, A.L. Stewart, D. Kresevic, C.J. Burant, and C.S. Landefeld. 2003. Loss of independence in activities of daily living in older adults hospitalized with medical illness: Increased vulnerability with age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 51: 451–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlberg, K., H. Dahlberg, and M. Nyström. 2008. Reflective lifeworld research, 2nd ed. Lund: Studentlitteratur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engleberg, I.N. 2006. Working in groups: Communication principles and strategies. Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlay, F. 2002. Negotiating the swamp: The opportunity and challenge of reflexivity in research practice. Qualitative Research 2(2): 209–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, A. 1995. The wounded storyteller. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gadamer, H.G. 1995/1960. Truth and method. Second revised edition (J. Weinsheimer and D.G. Marshall.). New York: Continuum.

  • Gendlin, E.T. 1997a. How philosophy cannot appeal to reason and how it can. In Language beyond postmodernism: saying and thinking in Gendlin’s philosophy, ed. D.M. Levin, 3–41. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gendlin, E.T. 1997b. Experiencing and the creation of meaning. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, I., and S. Wheeler. 2010. Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husserl, E. 1970/1954. The crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. An introduction to phenomenological philosophy. (D. Carr.) Evanston: Northwestern University Press.

  • Kvigne, K., E. Gjengedal, and M. Kirkevold. 2002. Gaining access to the life-world of women suffering from stroke: Methodological issues in empirical phenomenological studies. Journal of Advanced Nursing 40(1): 61–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merleau-Ponty, M. 1962/1945. Phenomenology of perception. London: Routledge.

  • Moustakas, C. 1994. Phenomenological research methods. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, L., G. Carlsson, M. Mollberg, and M. Nyström. 2010. Breastfeeding: An existential challenge—Women’s lived experiences of initiating breastfeeding within the context of early home discharge in Sweden. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being 5: 5397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M.Q. 2002. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sager, M.A., T. Franke, S.K. Inouye, C.S. Landefeld, T.M. Morgan, M.A. Rudberg, H. Sebens, and C.H. Winograd. 1996. Functional outcomes of acute medical illness and hospitalization in older persons. Archives of Internal Medicine 156: 645–652.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Todres, L. 2007. Embodied enquiry. Phenomenological touchstones for research, psychotherapy and spirituality. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todres, L., K. Galvin, and K. Dahlberg. 2007. Lifeworld-led healthcare: Revisiting a humanising philosophy that integrates emerging trends. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 10: 53–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toombs, K. 1992. The meaning of illness. A phenomenological account of the different perspectives of physician and patient. Philosophy and medicine, nr. 42. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

  • van Heijst, A. 2011. Professional loving care. Leuven: Peeters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, J.A., and I. Madjar. 1999. Phenomenology and nursing. In Nursing and the experience of illness, ed. I. Madjar, and J.A. Walton, 1–15. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This paper is part of a PhD project funded by ZonMw, The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hanneke van der Meide.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

van der Meide, H., Leget, C. & Olthuis, G. Giving voice to vulnerable people: the value of shadowing for phenomenological healthcare research. Med Health Care and Philos 16, 731–737 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-012-9456-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-012-9456-y

Keywords

Navigation