Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Virtual Reality Sickness and Challenges Behind Different Technology and Content Settings

  • Published:
Mobile Networks and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

VR sickness (Cybersickness) presents an important challenge in virtual reality environments. We present the results of a study on the effects of VR technology and VR video content type on VR sickness and on autonomous nervous system of the user. The participants watched two omnidirectional (360°) videos of different content types (neutral and action) on five distinct video display types (2D TV screen, three generations of Oculus Rift VR HMDs and on the mobile Samsung GearVR HMD). The Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) in combination with the measurement of the physiological parameters (skin conductance and skin temperature, respiratory frequency and heart rate) were used to monitor the participants’ physiology. The results show that video content significantly affects the SSQ grading and the skin conductance level. VR sickness effects were significantly reported less often with TV display type than with other VR HMDs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Earnshaw RA (1993) Virtual reality systems. Academic press

  2. Castelvecchi D (2016) Low-cost headsets boost virtual reality's lab appeal. Nature 533:153–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Fajfar I et al (2009) A top down approach to teaching embedded systems programming. Informacije midem-journal of microelectronics electronic components and materials 39(1):53–60

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chen M, Hao Y (2018) Task offloading for mobile edge computing in software defined ultra-dense network. IEEE J Sel Areas in Comm 36:587–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Li P, Wang D, Wang L, Lu H (2018) Deep visual tracking: review and experimental comparison. Pattern Recogn 76:323–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Gartner's (2016) Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies. 2016. Retrieved August 22th, 2018 from http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3412017

  7. Oculus Rift CV1 (2018) Retrieved August 22th, 2018 from https://www.oculus.com/

  8. HTC VIVE (2018) Retrieved August 22th , 2018 from https://www.vive.com/eu/

  9. OSVR (2018) Retrieved August 22th , 2018 from http://www.osvr.org

  10. Oculus Go (2018) Retrieved August 22th , 2018 from https://www.oculus.com/go/

  11. Google DaydreamVR (2018) Retrieved August 22th, 2018 from https://vr.google.com/

  12. Samsung GearVR (2018) Retrieved August 22th, 2018 from http://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/gear-vr/

  13. Sony PSVR (2018) Retrieved August 22th, 2018 from https://www.playstation.com/enus/explore/playstation-vr/

  14. Jerald J (2015) The VR book: human-centered design for virtual reality. Morgan & Claypool

  15. Lawson BD (2014) Motion sickness symptomatology and origins. Handbook Virt Environ. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17360-29

  16. LaViola JJ Jr (2000) A discussion of cybersickness in virtual environments. ACM SIGCHI Bull 32:47–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Pausch R, Crea T, Conway M (1992) A literature survey for virtual environments: military flight simulator visual systems and simulator sickness. Presence: Teleoperators Virt Environ 1:344–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kennedy RS, Lane NE, Berbaum KS, Lilienthal MG (1993) Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int J Aviat Psychol 3:203–220. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0303_3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Chessa M, Maiello G, Borsari A, Bex PJ (2016) The perceptual quality of the oculus rift for immersive virtual reality. Human–Computer Interaction, Published online:1–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2016.1243478

  20. Rebenitsch L, Owen C (2016) Review on cybersickness in applications and visual displays. Virtual Reality 20:101–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Steinicke F, Bruder G (2014) A self-experimentation report about long-term use of fully-immersive technology. Proc 2nd ACM Symp Spatial User Interact. https://doi.org/10.1145/2659766.2659767

  22. Higuera-Trujillo JL, López-Tarruella Maldonado J, Llinares Millán C (2017) Psychological and physiological human responses to simulated and real environments: a comparison between photographs, 360 panoramas, and virtual reality. Appl Ergon 65:398–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Singla A et al (2017) Measuring and comparing QoE and simulator sickness of omnidirectional videos in different head mounted displays. Ninth Int Conf Quality Multimed Experience. https://doi.org/10.1109/QoMEX.2017.7965658

  24. Davis S, Nesbitt K, Nalivaiko E (2015) Comparing the onset of cybersickness using the oculus rift and two virtual rollercoasters. Proceedings of the 11th Australasian conference on interactive entertainment 27

  25. Tong X et al (2016) Usability comparisons of head-mounted vs. stereoscopic desktop displays in a virtual reality environment with pain patients. Stud Health Technol Inform 220:424–431

    Google Scholar 

  26. Webb CM et al (2009) Simulator sickness in a helicopter flight training school. Aviat Space Environ Med 80:541–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Park WD et al (2017) A study on cyber sickness reduction by oculo-motor exercise performed immediately prior to viewing virtual reality (VR) content on head mounted display (HMD). Vibroengineering PROCEDIA 14:260–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Lin JJW et al (2002) Effects of field of view on presence, enjoyment, memory, and simulator sickness in a virtual environment. Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality

  29. Carvalho P et al (2017) VR Rio 360: the challenges of motion sickness in VR environments. International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality

  30. Stoffregen TA et al (2000) Postural instability and motion sickness in a fixed-base flight simulator. Hum Factors 42:458–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Nishiike S et al (2013) The effect of visual-vestibulosomatosensory conflict induced by virtual reality on postural stability in humans. J Med Investig 60:236–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Graeber DA, Stanney KM (2002) Gender differences in visually induced motion sickness. Proc Human Factors Ergonomics Soc Ann Meeting. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602602

  33. Gržinič Frelih N, Podlesek A, Babič J et al (2016) Evaluation of psychological effects on human postural stability. Measurement 98(February 2017):186–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.11.039

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the participants for their time and effort. The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding No. P2-0246 and No. P2-0225).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Jože Guna, Gregor Geršak, Iztok Humar & Matevž Pogačnik

  2. University of Economics, nám. W. Churchilla 1938/4, 130 67, Praha 3, Czech Republic

    Marko Orel

  3. Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, Aškerčeva 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Maja Krebl

  4. Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, Japan

    Huimin Lu

Authors
  1. Jože Guna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gregor Geršak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Iztok Humar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Maja Krebl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Marko Orel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Huimin Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Matevž Pogačnik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jože Guna.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Guna, J., Geršak, G., Humar, I. et al. Virtual Reality Sickness and Challenges Behind Different Technology and Content Settings. Mobile Netw Appl 25, 1436–1445 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-019-01373-w

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-019-01373-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation