Abstract
This study uses an experimental approach to examine whether disaster information sourced to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) influences intentions to adopt hazard adjustments. Survey questions are also used to determine whether individuals rely more on FEMA or local governments when preparing for disasters. Using an online sample of 2008 US employees, the results indicate that information sourced to FEMA is no more influential than information sourced to local governments and that individuals rely less on FEMA than on local agencies during disaster preparedness. These results have significant implications for practice and future research on natural hazard preparedness.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
AAPOR’s Response Rate 3, or RR3, was used and calculated by dividing the 2008 interviews by the sum of 2026 known eligible cases plus 2192 estimated eligible cases among the 5480 who did not respond to the survey invitations (assuming an estimated eligibility rate of 40 %, based on the eligibility rate of the 5079 responders).
We presented information on the major organizational sectors only.
References
Adamski T, Kline B, Tyrrell T (2006) FEMA reorganization and the response to hurricane disaster relief. Perspect Public Aff 3:3–36
Asch SE (1955) Opinions and social pressure. Sci Am 193:35
Baker R, Blumberg SJ, Brick MJ, Couper MP, Courtright M, Dennis MJ, Don D (2010) Research synthesis AAPOR report on online panels. Public Opin Q 74(4):711–781
Basolo V, Steinberg L, Burby RJ, Levine J, Cruz AM, Huang C (2009) The effects of confidence in government and information on perceived and actual preparedness for disasters. Environ Behav 41(3):338–364
Carlson JR, Carlson DS, Wadsworth LL (2000) The relationship between individual power moves and group agreement type: an examination and model. SAM Adv Manag J 65(4):44–49
Chang L, Krosnick JA (2009) National surveys via RDD telephone interviewing versus the internet comparing sample representativeness and response quality. Public Opin Q 73(4):641–678
Col JM (2007) Managing disasters: the role of local government. Public Admin Rev 67(s1):114–124
Comfort LK, Birkland TA, Cigler BA, Nance E (2010) Retrospectives and prospectives on Hurricane Katrina: five years and counting. Public Admin Rev 70(5):669–678
Comfort LK, Waugh WL Jr, Cigler BA (2012) Emergency management research and practice in public administration: emergence, evolution, expansion, and future directions. Public Admin Rev 72(4):539–547
Davis MS (1989) Living along the fault line: an update on earthquake awareness and preparedness in Southern California. Urban Resour 5:8–14
Deutsch M, Gerard HB (1955) A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 51:629–636
Egnoto MJ, Svetieva E, Vishwanath A, Ortega CJ (2013) Diffusion of emergency information during a crisis within a university. J Homel Secur Emerg 10(1):267–287. doi:10.1515/jhsem-2012-0082
Federal Register (n.d.) Executive Order 12127—Federal Emergency Management Agency. http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12127.html. Accessed 19 January 2015
Fowler KL, Kling ND, Larson MD (2007) Organizational preparedness for coping with a major crisis or disaster. Bus Soc 46(1):88–103
French PE (2011) Enhancing the legitimacy of local government pandemic influenza planning through transparency and public engagement. Public Admin Rev 71(2):253–264
Fugate C (2014) FEMA: 35 years of commitment. FEMA. http://www.fema.gov/fema-35-years-commitment. Accessed 20 June 2015
Gallup (2009) Gallup study provides valuable insights on the individual experience with federal agencies. Gallup. http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/documents/gov_experience_final_111609.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2015
Gerber BJ (2007) Disaster management in the United States: examining key political and policy challenges. Policy Stud J 35(2):227–238
Giuffrida LO (1985) FEMA: its mission, its partners. Public Admin Rev 45:2
Gladwin CH, Gladwin H, Peacock WG (2001) Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117–143
Han Z, Nigg J (2011) The influences of business and decision makers’ characteristics on disaster preparedness—a study on the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 2(4):22–31
Henstra D (2010) Evaluating local government emergency management programs: what framework should public managers adopt? Public Admin Rev 70(2):236–246
Hughes AL, Palen L (2012) The evolving role of the pio. J Homel Secur Emerg. doi:10.1515/1547-7355.1976
Huss S, Sadiq AA, Weible C (2012) Organizations and emergency management: information, trust, and preparedness. J Emerg Manag 10(5):359–372
Hwang SN, Sanderson WG, Lindell MK (2001) Analysis of state emergency management agencies’ hazard analysis information on the internet. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:85–106
Jensen JL (2007) Getting one’s way in policy debates: influence tactics used in group decision-making settings. Public Admin Rev 67(2):216–227
Jones JM, Steve A (2013) Americans praise gov’t work on natural disasters, parks. Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/163487/americans-praise-gov-work-naturaldisasters-parks.aspx. Accessed 2 March 2015
Kahan J (2015) Future of FEMA—preparedness or politics? J Homel Secur Emerg 12(1):1–21. doi:10.1515/jhsem-2014-0048
Kapucu N, Van Wart M (2006) The emerging role of the public sector in managing extreme events: lessons learned. Admin Soc 38:279–308
Kapucu N, Arslan T, Collins ML (2010) Examining intergovernmental and interorganizational response to catastrophic disasters toward a network-centered approach. Admin Soc 42:222–247
Larson MD, Fowler KL (2009) Anticipation is in the eye of the beholder: top-level managers see things differently when it comes to crises preparedness. J Bus Manag 15(2):129–141
Levi D (2007) Group dynamics for teams, 3rd edn, vol 127. Sage, California
Lindell MK, Perry RW (2000) Household adjustment to earthquake hazard a review of research. Environ Behav 32(4):461–501
Magee JC, Frasier CW (2014) Status and power: the principal inputs to influence for public managers. Public Admin Rev 74(3):307–317. doi:10.1111/puar.12203
Maxfield M, Babbie E (2014) Research methods for criminal justice and criminology, 7th edn. Cengage Learning, Stamford
May PJ (1985) FEMA’s role in emergency management: examining recent experience. Public Admin Rev 45:40–48
McLoughlin D (1985) A framework for integrated emergency management. Public Admin Rev 45:165–172
Naylor B (2012) Lessons from Katrina Boost FEMA’s Sandy Response. National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/2012/11/03/164224394/lessons-from-katrina-boost-femas-sandy-response. Accessed 4 April 2015
Olson K, Parkhurst B (2013) Collecting paradata for measurement error evaluations. In: Kreuter F (ed) Improving surveys with paradata: analytic uses of process information. Wiley, New Jersey, pp 33–64
Perry RW, Nigg JM (1985) Emergency management strategies for communicating hazard information. Public Admin Rev 45:72–77
Pew Research Center for the People and the Press (2013) Trust in government nears record low, but most federal agencies are viewed favorably. http://www.people-press.org/2013/10/18/trust-in-government-nears-record-low-but-most-federal-agencies-are-viewed-favorably/. Accessed 10 June 2015
Sadiq AA (2009) Mitigating and preparing for disasters: a survey of Memphis organizations. Dissertation, Georgia State University-Georgia Institute of Technology
Sadiq AA (2011) Adoption of hazard adjustments by large and small organizations: who is doing the talking and who is doing the walking? Risk Hazards Crisis Public Policy 2(3):1–17
Sadiq AA, Weible CM (2010) Obstacles and disaster risk reduction: survey of Memphis organizations. Nat Hazards Rev 11(3):110–117
Schmalzried HD, Fallon LF Jr, Keller EA, McHugh CE (2011) Importance of uniformity in local EMA websites. J Homel Secur Emerg. doi:10.2202/1547-7355.1936
Scholz JT, Berardo R, Kile B (2008) Do networks solve collective action problems? credibility, search, and collaboration. J Polit 70(2):393–406
Sulitzeanu-Kenan R (2006) If they get it right: an experimental test of the effects of the appointment and reports of UK public inquiries. Public Admin 84(3):623–653
U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (2011) Business continuity and disaster preparedness planning: patterns and findings from current research. Citiz Prep Rev 7:2–7
Vogel S (2012) Officials and experts praising FEMA for its response to Hurricane Sandy. Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/officials-and-experts-praising-fema-for-its-response-to-hurricane-sandy/2012/11/01/7a6629d8-2447-11e2-ac85-e669876c6a24_story.html. Accessed 3 May 2015
Waugh WL Jr (2007) Local emergency management in the post-9/11 world. In: Waugh WL Jr, Tierney KJ (eds) Emergency management: principles and practice for local government. ICMA Press, Washington, pp 3–21
Wray R, Rivers J, Jupka K, Clements B (2006) Public perceptions about trust in emergency risk communication: qualitative research findings. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 24(1):45–75
Yeager DS, Krosnick JA, Chang L, Javitz HS, Levendusky MS, Simpser A, Wang R (2011) Comparing the accuracy of RDD telephone surveys and internet surveys conducted with probability and non-probability samples. Public Opin Q 75(4):709–747
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sadiq, AA., Tharp, K. & Graham, J.D. FEMA versus local governments: influence and reliance in disaster preparedness. Nat Hazards 82, 123–138 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2183-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2183-6