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Influence of microbubbles on free radical generation by ultrasound in aqueous solution: implication of the important roles of nanobubbles

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Abstract

Although research on microbubbles (MBs) has intrigued a lot of researchers, very few studies have been done about the influences of MBs on the free radical formation and also on the degradation rates of organic compounds by ultrasonic irradiation. Here we report the degradation of Acid Orange 7 by the ultrasound irradiation in the solution of MBs for the first time. It was found that acceleration of the degradation rate of Acid Orange 7 was observed only for the 45 kHz ultrasonic irradiation to the microbubble solution. Dependence of gases inside the MBs on the sonochemical efficiencies with the existence of MBs was also measured using the KI method and it was found that the dependence of the sonochemical efficiencies on gases inside the MBs was in the order of Kr > Ar ~ N2 > O2 > He, supporting the conclusions that the observed phenomena were due to the cavitation by the 45 kHz ultrasonic irradiation. The dependences of ultrasonic frequency and power were investigated using various commercially available ultrasonic oscillators, and the influence of the size distribution of microbubbles on the sonochemical efficiencies was further investigated using a flow reactor system with two ultrasound generators. Finally, we showed that the frequency of the ultrasound was more sensitive than the size of microbubbles for the sonochemical enhancement by the 45 kHz ultrasonic irradiation to the solution of MBs and then discussed possible roles of nanobubbles in the presently observed phenomena.

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Acknowledgements

One of the authors gratefully acknowledged for the financial support by Grand-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI C,20K05215) and (KAHENHI C, 16K06849) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and the financial support by Uchida Energy Science Promotion and the Foundation for Japanese Chemical Research. One of the authors also gratefully acknowledged the kind help of Prof. Akiomi Ushida for the provision of the apparatus used in the present work. A fruitful discussion with Prof. Takashi Hata, National Institute of Technology, Kochi College, and Prof. Keiji Yasuda, Nagoya University, is also much appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Engineering, Nagaoka National College of Technology, Nishi-Katakai, Nagaoka, 940-2188, Japan

    Kazuki Tsuchida, Akane Maruyama, Yuma Kobayashi, Gen Sato, Ryosuke Atsumi & Yoshinori Murakami

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  1. Kazuki Tsuchida
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  2. Akane Maruyama
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  3. Yuma Kobayashi
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  4. Gen Sato
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  5. Ryosuke Atsumi
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  6. Yoshinori Murakami
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Correspondence to Yoshinori Murakami.

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Tsuchida, K., Maruyama, A., Kobayashi, Y. et al. Influence of microbubbles on free radical generation by ultrasound in aqueous solution: implication of the important roles of nanobubbles. Res Chem Intermed 48, 1045–1061 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-021-04612-6

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