Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Prevalence of bovine and avian tuberculosis in camel herds and associated public health risk factors in Isiolo County, Kenya

  • Regular Articles
  • Published:
Tropical Animal Health and Production Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 308 lactating camels selected from 15 herds from three different camel milk clusters in Isiolo County, Kenya, to determine prevalence of bovine and avian tuberculosis using Single Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Skin test. Seventy-five (75) questionnaires were administered to pastoralists/herders, and focus group discussions were conducted among 3–5 pastoralists/herders selected from each camel herd to collect information on camel husbandry and health management practices and knowledge on tuberculosis in livestock and wildlife. An overall prevalence of bovine and avian reactors was 3.57 and 18.18%, respectively, with bovine and avian reactors for different clusters being 2.38, 3.82, and 4.48% and 25, 17.2, and 11.94%, respectively. There was significant difference (p < 0.05) in prevalence of bovine and avian reactors between different clusters. There was a negative correction (r = −0.1399) between herd size and bovine reactors, while there was a positive correlation (r = 0.0445) between herd size and avian reactors. The respondents indicated that camel herds are exposed to several risk factors like close contact with other herds or livestock or wildlife during grazing and at watering points. Pastoralists have poor knowledge on mode of infection and transmission of bovine or avian tuberculosis. The high prevalence of bovine and avian reactors and pastoralists’ poor knowledge on mode of transmission signify potential risk to public health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adanga, K.L., Kela, S.L., Sale, S. 2015. Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle slaughter at Gombe township abattoir, Gombe state, Nigeria, Journal Veterinary Medicine Animal Health, 7(7), 265–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ameni, G., Hewinson, G., Aseffa, A., Young, D., Vordermeier, M. 2008. Appraisal of Interpretation Criteria for the Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Cattle in Central Ethiopia, Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 15, 1272–1276.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atiadeve, S.K., Gyamfi, O.K., Mensah, E.M., Galyuon, I.K.A., Owusu, D., Bonsu, F.A., Bedsra, K.D., Gyasi, R.K. 2014. Slaughter surveillance for tuberculosis among cattle in three metropolitan abattoirs in Ghana, Journal Veterinary Medicine Animal Health, 6, 198–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basit, A., Hussain, M., Ayaz, S., Shahid, M., Rahim, K., Ahmad, I., Ullah, R., Hashem, A., Abd-Allah, E., Alqarawi, A.A., Gul, N. 2015. Isolation and identification of Mycobacerium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis from animal tissue by convectional and molecular methods. Indian Journal animal Research, 49(5), 687–693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bezos, J., Romero, B., Delgado, A., Alvarez, J., Casal, C., Venteo, A., Gonzalez, I., Domínguez, L., de Juan, L. 2014. Evaluation of the specificity of intradermal tuberculin and serological tests for diagnosis of tuberculosis in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama) herds under field conditions in Peru, Veterinary Record, 174, 532–539.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boukary, A.R., Thys, E., Abatih, E., Gamatie, D., Ango, I., Yenikoye, A., Saegerman, C. 2011. Bovine tuberculosis prevalence survey on cattle in the rural livestock system of Torodi (Niger). PLoS One, 6(9), e24629.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broughana, J.M., Crawshawb, T.R., Downsa, S.H., Brewerc, J., Clifton-Hadley, R.S. 2013. Mycobacterium bovis infections in domesticated non-bovine mammalian species, Part 2: A review of diagnostic methods, The Veterinary Journal, 198, 346–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cadmus, S.I., Adesokan, H.K., Jenkins, A.O., van Soolingen, D. 2009. Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis in goats, Nigeria, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15, 2066–2067.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dejene, S.W., Heitkönig, I.M.A., Prins, H.H.T., Lemma, F.A., Mekonnen, D.A., Alemu, Z.E., Mekonnen, D.A., Alemu, Z.E., Kelkay, T.Z., Boer, W.F. 2016. Risk factors for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle in Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0159083.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deresa, B., Conraths, F.J., Ameni, G. 2013. Abattoir-based study on the epidemiology of caprine tuberculosis in Ethiopia using conventional and molecular tools, Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 55, 15–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ereqat, S., Nasereddin, A., Levine, H., Azmi, K., Al-Jawabreh, A., Greenblatt, C.L., Abdeen, Z., Bar-Gal, G.K. 2013. First-time detection of Mycobacterium bovis in livestock tissues and milk in the West Bank, Palestinian Territories, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7(9), e2417.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • FAOSTAT, 2015. Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database, https//www.fastat.fao.org/ accessed 23 August, 2015.

  • Gathogo, S.M., Kuria, J.K.N., Ombui, J.N. 2012. Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in slaughter cattle in Kenya: a postmortem, microbiological and DNA molecular study, Tropical Animal Health Production, 44(7):1739–1744

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gumi, B., Schelling, E., Firdessa, R., Aseffa, A., Tschopp, R., Yamuah, L. 2011. Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in pastoral cattle herds in the Oromia region, southern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health Production, 43(6), 1081–1087.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, M.K., Rahman, M.M., Kisku, J.J., Rahman, M.B, Rahman, M.M, Rahman, M.M. 2016. Prevalence of bovine and avian tuberculosis in calves of central cattle breeding and dairy farm, savar, dhaka. Journal Innovation Development and Strategy, 10(2), 5–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiko, A. and Agga, G.E. 2010. First-time detection of mycobacterium species from goats in Ethiopia, Tropical Animal Health Production, 43, 133–139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jibril, Y., Mamo, G., Hanur, I., Zewude, A., Ameni, G. 2016. Prevalence of camel tuberculosis and associated risk factors in camels slaughtered at Akaki Abattoir, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 20(1), 23–38

  • Kahla, B., Boschiroli, M.L., Souissi, F., Cherif, N., Benzarti, M., Boukadida, J., Hammami, S. 2011 Isolation and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis from raw milk in Tunisia, African Health Science, 11(1), S2 - S5.

  • Kazoora, H.B., Majalija, S., Kiwanuka, N., Kaneene, J.B. 2014. Prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis skin positivity and associated risk factors in cattle from Western Uganda. Tropical Animal Health Production, 46(8), 1383–139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, R.F., Hamman, S.M., Morgan, K.L., Nkongho, E.F., Ngwa, V.N., Tanya, V., Andu, W.N., Sander, M., Ndip L., Handel, I.G., Mazeri, S., Muwonge, A., Bronsvoort, B.M. de C. 2016. Knowledge of bovine tuberculosis, cattle husbandry, and dairy practices amongst pastoralists and small-scale dairy farmers in Cameroon, PLoS ONE, 11(1), e0146538.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KNBS. 2010. Kenya 2009 population and housing census. Vol II: Population and household distribution by socio-economic characteristics. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Government of Kenya.

  • Lamuka P.O, Njeruh F.M, Gitao G.C, Abey K.A. (2017): Camel health management and pastoralists’ knowledge and information on zoonoses and food safety risks in Isiolo County Kenya. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 7:20–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, Z. and Reiczigel, J. 2014. Confidence limits for prevalence of disease adjusted for estimated sensitivity and specificity. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 113(1), 13–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mamo, G., Bayleyegn, G., Tessema, T.S., Legesse, M., Medhin, G., Bjune, G., Abebe, F., Ameni, G. 2011. Pathology of camel tuberculosis and molecular characterization of its causative agents in pastoral regions of Ethiopia, PLoS ONE, 6(1), e15862.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moiane, I., Machado, A., Santos, N., Nhambir, A., Inlamea, O., Hattendorf, J., Kallenius, G., Zinsstag, J., Correia-Neves, M. 2014. Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and risk factor assessment in cattle in rural livestock areas of Govuro District in the Southeast of Mozambique, PLoS One, 9(3), e91527.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mwangi, L.W., Matofari, J.W., Muliro, P.S., Bebe, B.O. 2016. Occurrence of brucella and mycobacteria species in raw and fermented camel milk along the value chain. Asian Journal Agriculture and Food Science, 4(4), 212–218.

  • Nalapa D.P, Muwonge A, Kankya C, Olea-Popelka F. 2017. Prevalence of tuberculous lesion in cattle slaughtered in Mubende district, Uganda, BMC Veterinary Research, 13:7–81.

  • OIE, 2009. Bovine tuberculosis. Chapter 2.4.7. In OIE Terrestrial Manual 2009. Version adopted by the World Assembly of Delegates of the OIE in May 2009.

  • OIE, 2017. Bovine Tuberculosis. Chapter 11.6. In Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Edition: 8, #231686, ISBN-13: 9789295108189.

  • Regassa, A., Tassew, A., Amenu, K., Megersa, B., Abunna, F., Mekibib, B., Marcotty, T., Ameni, G. 2010. A cross-sectional study on bovine tuberculosis in Hawassa town and its surroundings, Southern Ethiopia, Tropical Animal Health Production, 42, 915–920.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiczigel, J., Foldi, J., Ozsvari, L. 2010. Exact confidence limits for prevalence of a disease with an imperfect diagnostic test, Epidemiology and Infection, 138(11), 1674–1678.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S, Patil P.K, Kumar H, Mahajan V, Filia G, Verma S, Sandhu K.S. 2011. Bovine tuberculosis in intensive dairy operations of Punjab: longitudinal comparative study on prevalence and the associated risk factors, Indian Journal Comparative Microbiology, Immunology Infectious Diseases, 32:41–44.

  • Thoen, C.O, Kaplan, B., Thoen, T.C., Gilsdorf, M.J., Shere, J.A. 2016. Zoonotic tuberculosis. A comprehensive ONE HEALTH approach, Medicina, 76(3), 159–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Twomey, D.F., Collins, R., Cranwell, M.P., Crawshaw, T.R., Higgins, R.J., Dean, G.S., Vordermeier, H.M., Hollingdale, A., De la Rua-Domenech, R. 2012. Controlling tuberculosis in a llama (Lama glama) herd using clinical signs, tuberculin skin testing and serology, The Veterinary Journal, 192, 246–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Vos, C.J., van der Goot, J.A., van Zijderveld, F.G., Swanenburg, M., Elbers, A.R. 2015. Risk-based testing of imported animals: A case study for bovine tuberculosis in The Netherlands, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 21(1–2), 8–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wernery, U. and Kinne, J. 2012. Tuberculosis in camelids: A review. Scientific and Technical Review of the Office International des Epizooties, 31(3), 899–906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO, 2016. Global Tuberculosis Report 2016. World Health Organization, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarden C.F.O, Marassi C.D, Figueiredo E.E.E.S, Lilenbaum W. 2013. Mycobacterium bovis detection from milk of negative skin test cows. Veterinary Records. 172:130–132.

Download references

Acknowledgements

We highly acknowledge the technical assistance from Mr. Alfred Mainga and Mr. Nicanor Odongo, University of Nairobi; Miss Linnet Mwangi, Egerton University; and Mr. Patrick Muthui of Isiolo County Veterinary Office. Our gratitude goes to Dr. Joseph Nduati Githinji, Isiolo County Veterinary Office, for the technical advice and allowing us to work in the county. We thank the Kenya Camel Association and Isiolo County National government for their assistance with field logistics. We also wish to thank all herders and pastoralists for their willingness to participate in the study.

Funding

This study was partially supported by the funds from East African Targeted Investment for Research Impact (EATIRI) sub-project under the Livestock Climate Change Collaborative Research System (LLCC-CRSP), Colorado State University, USA. The funding agency was not involved in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya

    Peter O. Lamuka

  2. Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya

    Francis M. Njeruh

  3. Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya

    George C. Gitao

  4. Department of Dairy and Food Technology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya

    Joseph Matofari

  5. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, W113 ARBL Building, Foothill Campus, Fort Collins, CO, USA

    Richard Bowen

  6. Kenya Camel Association, P.O. Box 6067, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya

    Khalif A. Abey

Authors
  1. Peter O. Lamuka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Francis M. Njeruh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. George C. Gitao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Joseph Matofari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Richard Bowen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Khalif A. Abey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter O. Lamuka.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lamuka, P.O., Njeruh, F.M., Gitao, G.C. et al. Prevalence of bovine and avian tuberculosis in camel herds and associated public health risk factors in Isiolo County, Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 50, 937–945 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1486-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1486-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation