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Behavioural, physiological, neuro-endocrine and molecular responses of cattle against heat stress: an updated review

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Abstract

The negative impact of heat stress on cattle growth, development, reproduction and production has been quite alarming across the world. Climate change elevates earth surface temperature which exacerbates the wrath of heat stress on cattle. Moreover, cattle in tropical and sub-tropical countries are most commonly affected by the menace of heat stress which severely wane their production and productivity. In general, cattle exhibit various thermoregulatory responses such as behavioural, physiological, neuro-endocrine and molecular responses to counteract the terrible effects of heat stress. Amongst the aforementioned thermoregulatory responses, behavioural, physiological and neuro-endocrine responses are regarded as most conventional and expeditious responses shown by cattle against heat stress. Furthermore, molecular responses serve as the major adaptive response to attenuate the harmful effects of heat stress. Therefore, present review highlights the significance of behavioural, physiological, neuro-endocrine and molecular responses which act synergistically to combat the deleterious effects of heat stress thereby confer thermo-tolerance in cattle.

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Abbreviations

3βHSD:

3-Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

ACTH:

Adreno-corticotropic hormone

ADH:

Anti-diuretic hormone

ARC:

Arcuate nuclei

BGTHI:

Black globe temperature humidity index

CART:

Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript

CBG:

Corticosteroid-binding globulin

CYP11A1:

Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme

CYP19A1:

Aromatase enzyme

CRH:

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

DMI:

Dry matter intake

E2 :

17β-estradiol

EEM:

Early embryonic mortality

ETI:

Equivalent temperature index

FSH:

Follicle-stimulating hormone

GCs:

Granulosa cells

GH:

Growth hormone

GHRH:

Growth hormone–releasing hormone

GnRH:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

HF:

Holstein Friesian

HLI:

Heat load index

HOST:

Hypo-osmotic swelling test

HPA:

Hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis

HPG:

Hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis

HPT:

Hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis

HR:

Heart rate

HRV:

Heart rate variability

HSFs:

Heat shock factors

HSPs:

Heat shock proteins

IGF-I:

Insulin-like growth factor I

IGF-II:

Insulin-like growth factor II

IPCC:

Inter-governmental panel on climate change

KF:

Karan Fries

LH:

Luteinizing hormone

LHA:

Lateral hypothalamic area

MRP:

Maternal recognition of pregnancy

PBMCs:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

POMC:

Proopiomelanocortin

P4 :

Progesterone

PGF2α:

Prostaglandin F2α

PR:

Pulse rate

PVN:

Para-ventricular nuclei

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RR:

Respiration rate

RT:

Rectal temperature

SAM:

Sympathetic adrenal medullary axis

SON:

Supra-optic nuclei

SR:

Sweating rate

ST:

Skin temperature

StAR:

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

T3 :

Tri-iodo thyronine

T4 :

Thyroxine

THI:

Temperature humidity index

TNZ:

Thermo-neutral zone

TRH:

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TSH:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

UCT:

Upper critical temperature

WI:

Water intake

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  1. Department of Veterinary Physiology, C.V.Sc & A.H., O.U.A.T, -751003, Bhubaneswar, India

    S.R. Mishra

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Mishra, S. Behavioural, physiological, neuro-endocrine and molecular responses of cattle against heat stress: an updated review. Trop Anim Health Prod 53, 400 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02790-4

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