Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Determinants of species richness within and across taxonomic groups in urban green spaces

  • Published:
Urban Ecosystems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Urban green spaces provide habitat for numerous plant and animal species. However, currently we have little knowledge on which determinants drive the species richness within and across taxonomic groups. In this paper we investigate the determinants of total, native, and endangered species richness for vascular plants, birds, and mammals within and across taxonomic groups. We examined a stratified random sample of 32 urban green spaces in Hannover, Germany. Species inventories for plants and birds were generated on the basis of line transect surveys. Mammals were surveyed by means of point counts using camera traps. Using a principal component analysis and multiple regression models, we tested 10 explanatory variables for species-area effects, distance effects, and the effects of habitat structure of green spaces on species richness. When analyzing single explanatory variables, we determined that the species richness of all groups was significantly positively correlated to patch area, number of habitat types, and a short distance to the nearest green space. Testing combined effects of variables showed that patch area in combination with habitat heterogeneity was most important for plants (total, native, and endangered), birds (total and native), and overall species richness. This emphasizes the importance of the species-area effect and the effects of habitat structure on species richness in urban green spaces. We conclude that, in the context of urban planning, it is important to conserve large green spaces that include a high diversity of habitats to maintain high species richness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Angel S, Parent J, Civco DL (2010) Ten compactness properties of circles: measuring shape in geography. Can Geogr 54:441–461. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2009.00304.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angold PG, Sadler JP, Hill MO, Pullin A, Rushton S, Austin K, Small E, Wood B, Wadsworth R, Sanderson R, Thompson K (2006) Biodiversity in urban habitat patches. Sci Total Environ 360:196–204. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.035

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barthel PH, Helbig AJ (2005) Artenliste der Vögel Deutschlands. Limicola 19:89–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell S, McCoy ED, Mushinsky HR (eds) (1991) Habitat structure. The physical arrangement of objects in space. Springer, Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3076-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Bibby JC, Burgess ND, Hill DA (1995) Methoden der Feldornithologie. Bestandserfassung in der Praxis, Neumann, Radebeul

    Google Scholar 

  • Bräuniger C, Knapp S, Kühn I, Klotz S (2010) Testing taxonomic and landscape surrogates for biodiversity in an urban setting. Landscape Urban Plan 97:283–295. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.07.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushnell (2011) Trophy Cam XLT. Instruction Manual

  • Buttler KP, Hand R (2008) Liste der Gefäßpflanzen Deutschlands. Kochia, Beiheft 1:1–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Carbó-Ramírez P, Zuria I (2011) The value of small urban greenspaces for birds in a Mexican city. Landscape Urban Plan 100:213–222. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.12.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Čepelová B, Münzbergová Z (2012) Factors determining the plant species diversity and species composition in a suburban landscape. Landscape Urban Plan 106:336–346. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.04.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain DE, Gough S, Vaughan H, Vickery JA, Appleton GF (2007) Determinants of bird species richness in public green spaces: capsule bird species richness showed consistent positive correlations with site area and rough grass. Bird Study 54:87–97. doi:10.1080/00063650709461460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiarucci A, Palmer MW (2005) The inventory and estimation of plant species richness. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), EOLSS Publishers, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornelis J, Hermy M (2004) Biodiversity relationships in urban and suburban parks in Flanders. Landscape Urban Plan 69:385–401. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crooks KR, Suarez AV, Bolger DT, Soulé ME (2001) Extinction and colonization of birds on Habitat Islands. Conserv Biol 15:159–172. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.99379.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crooks KR, Sanjayan M (eds) (2006) Connectivity conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Czamanski D, Benenson I, Malkinson D, Marinov M, Roth R, Wittenberg L (2008) Urban sprawl and ecosystems - can nature survive? International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics 2:321–366. doi:10.1561/101.00000019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czamanski D, Malkinson D, Toger M (2014) Nature in future cities: prospects and a planning agenda. Built Environ 40:508–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeCandido R (2004) Recent changes in plant species diversity in urban Pelham Bay park, 1947–1998. Biol Conserv 120:129–136. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.02.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drachenfels Ov (2011) Kartierschlüssel für Biotoptypen in Niedersachsen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der gesetzlich geschützten Biotope sowie der Lebensraumtypen von Anhang I der FFH-Richtlinie. Naturschutz und Landespflege in Niedersachsen, Heft A/4:1–326

  • EC – European Commission (2013) Building a green infrastructure for Europe. Publications office of the European Union, Luxembourg

    Google Scholar 

  • Erhardt W, Götz E, Bödeker N, Seybold S (2008) Zander. Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen: dictionary of plant names = Dictionnaire des noms de plants. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Faraway JJ (2005) Linear models with R. Texts in statistical science, v. 63. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferenc M, Sedláček O, Fuchs R (2014) How to improve urban greenspace for woodland birds: site and local-scale determinants of bird species richness. Urban Ecosyst 17:625–640. doi:10.1007/s11252-013-0328-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer LK, von der Lippe M, Kowarik I (2013) Urban land use types contribute to grassland conservation: the example of Berlin. Urban For Urban Gree 12:263–272. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2013.03.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forman RTT (1995) Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman C, Buck O (2003) Development of an ecological mapping methodology for urban areas in New Zealand. Landscape Urban Plan 63:161–173. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00188-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garden J, McAlpine C, Peterson A, Jones D, Possingham H (2006) Review of the ecology of Australian urban fauna: a focus on spatially explicit processes. Austral Ecol 31:126–148. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01578.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garden JG, McAlpine CA, Possingham HP, Jones DN (2007) Habitat structure is more important than vegetation composition for local-level management of native terrestrial reptile and small mammal species living in urban remnants: a case study from Brisbane, Australia. Austral Ecol 32:669–685. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01750.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garden JG, McAlpine CA, Possingham HP (2010) Multi-scaled habitat considerations for conserving urban biodiversity: native reptiles and small mammals in Brisbane, Australia. Landscape Ecol 25:1013–1028. doi:10.1007/s10980-010-9476-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garve E (2004) Rote Liste und Florenliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen in Niedersachsen und Bremen. Informationsdienst Naturschutz Niedersachsen 1(2004):1–76

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Oreja JA, Barillas-Gómez AL, Bonache-Regidor C, Buzo-Franco D, García-Guzmán J, Hernández-Santín L (2012) Does habitat heterogeneity affect bird community structure in urban parks? In: Lepczyk CA, Warren PS (eds) Urban bird ecology and conservation. Studies in Avian Biology (45). University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 1–14

  • Guntenspergen GR, Levenson JB (1997) Understory plant species composition in remnant stands along an urban-to-rural land-use gradient. Urban Ecosyst 1:155–169. doi:10.1023/a:1018523511071

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrell FE (2001) Regression Modeling Strategies. With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic Regression, and Survival Analysis. Springer Series in Statistics. Springer New York, New York

  • Heckenroth H (1993) Rote Liste der in Niedersachsen und Bremen gefährdeten Säugetierarten. Informationsdienst Naturschutz Niedersachsen 6(93):221–226

  • Hermy M, Cornelis J (2000) Towards a monitoring method and a number of multifaceted and hierarchical biodiversity indicators for urban and suburban parks. Landscape Urban Plan 49:149–162. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00061-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkison S, Hero J, Warnken J (2007) The efficacy of small-scale conservation efforts, as assessed on Australian golf courses. Biol Conserv 136:576–586. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.11.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Husté A, Selmi S, Boulinier T (2006) Bird communities in suburban patches near Paris: determinants of local richness in a highly fragmented landscape. Ecoscience 13:249–257. doi:10.2980/i1195-6860-13-2-249.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Husté A, Boulinier T (2007) Determinants of local extinction and turnover rates in urban bird communities. Ecol Appl 17:168–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jokimäki J (1999) Occurrence of breeding bird species in urban parks: effects of park structure and broad-scale variables. Urban Ecosyst 3:21–34. doi:10.1023/A:1009505418327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kallimanis AS, Mazaris AD, Tzanopoulos J, Halley JM, Pantis JD, Sgardelis SP (2008) How does habitat diversity affect the species–area relationship? Glob Ecol Biogeogr 17:532–538. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238. 2008.00393.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp S, Kühn I, Mosbrugger V, Klotz S (2008) Do protected areas in urban and rural landscapes differ in species diversity? Biodivers Conserv 17:1595–1612. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9369-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koh LP, Sodhi NS (2004) Importance of reserves, fragments, and parks for butterfly conservation in a tropical urban landscape. Ecol Appl 14:1695–1708. doi:10.1890/03-5269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs CJ (1989) Ecological methodology. Harper & Row, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Krüger T, Oltmanns B (2007) Rote Liste der in Niedersachsen und Bremen gefährdeten Brutvögel. Informationsdienst Naturschutz Niedersachsen 3(2007):131–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Kühn I, Brandl R, Klotz S (2004) The flora of German cities is naturally species rich. Evol Ecol Res 6:749–764

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang S, Blaschke T (2007) Landschaftsanalyse mit GIS. UTB, vol 8347. Ulmer, Stuttgart

  • La Sorte FA, Aronson MFJ, Williams NSG, Celesti-Grapow L, Cilliers S, Clarkson BD, Dolan RW, Hipp A, Klotz S, Kühn I, Pyšek P, Siebert S, Winter M (2014) Beta diversity of urban floras among European and non-European cities. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 23:769–779. doi:10.1111/geb.12159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LGN (2007) ATKIS (Amtlich Topographisch-Kartographisches Informationssystem) Basis DLM (Digitales Landschaftsmodell) im Maßstab 1:10.000 bis 1:25.000

  • Li W, Ouyang Z, Meng X, Wang X (2006) Plant species composition in relation to green cover configuration and function of urban parks in Beijing, China. Ecol Res 21:221–237. doi:10.1007/s11284-005-0110-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lichstein JW, Simons TR, Shriner SA, Franzreb KE (2002) Spatial autocorrelation and autoregressive models in ecology. Ecol Monogr 72:445. doi:10.2307/3100099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lizée M-H, Tatoni T, Deschamps-Cottin M (2016) Nested patterns in urban butterfly species assemblages: respective roles of plot management, park layout and landscape features. Urban Ecosyst 19:205–224. doi:10.1007/s11252-015-0501-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Löfvenhaft K, Björn C, Ihse M (2002) Biotope patterns in urban areas: a conceptual model integrating biodiversity issues in spatial planning. Landscape Urban Plan 58:223–240. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00223-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1967) The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor-Fors I, Morales-Pérez L, Schondube JE (2011) Does size really matter? Species-area relationships in human settlements. Divers Distrib 17:112–121. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00714.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor-Fors I, Ortega-Álvarez R (2011) Fading from the forest: bird community shifts related to urban park site-specific and landscape traits. Urban For Urban Gree 10:239–246. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2011.03.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthies S, Kopel D, Rüter S, Toger M, Prasse R, Czamanski D, Malkinson D (2013) Vascular plant species richness patterns in urban environments: case studies from Hannover, Germany and Haifa, Israel. In: Malkinson D, Czamanski D, Benenson I (eds). Modeling of Land-Use and Ecological Dynamics, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 107–119. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40199-2_6

  • Matthies SA, Rüter S, Prasse R, Schaarschmidt F (2015) Factors driving the vascular plant species richness in urban green spaces: using a multivariable approach. Landscape Urban Plan 134:177–187. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKinney ML, Lockwood JL (2001) Biotic homogenization: a sequential and selective process. In: Lockwood JL, McKinney ML (eds) Biotic homogenization. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinney ML (2006) Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biol Conserv 127:247–260. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKinney ML (2008) Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosyst 11:161–176. doi:10.1007/s11252-007-0045-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meffert PJ, Dziock F (2012) What determines occurrence of threatened bird species on urban wastelands? Biol Conserv 153:87–96. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.04.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen AB, van den Bosch M, Maruthaveeran S, Konijnendijk van den Bosch C (2014) Species richness in urban parks and its drivers: a review of empirical evidence. Urban Ecosyst 17:305–327. doi:10.1007/s11252-013-0316-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver AJ, Hong-Wa C, Devonshire J, Olea KR, Rivas GF, Gahl MK (2011) Avifauna richness enhanced in large, isolated urban parks. Landscape Urban Plan 102:215–225. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.04.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opdam P (2002) Assessing the conservation potential of habitat networks. In: Gutzwiller KJ (ed) Applying landscape ecology in biological conservation. Springer, New York, pp 381–404

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Opdam P, Pouwels R, Rooij SV, Steingröver E, Vos CC (2008) Setting biodiversity targets in participatory regional planning: introducing Ecoprofiles. Ecol Soc 13:20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellissier V, Cohen M, Boulay A, Clergeau P (2012) Birds are also sensitive to landscape composition and configuration within the city Centre. Landscape Urban Plan 104:181–188. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.10.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Platt A, Lill A (2006) Composition and conservation value of bird assemblages of urban ‘habitat islands’: do pedestrian traffic and landscape variables exert an influence? Urban Ecosyst 9:83–97. doi:10.1007/s11252-006-7900-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pyšek P, Chocholoušková Z, Pyšek A, Jarošík V, Chytrý M, Tichý L (2004) Trends in species diversity and composition of urban vegetation over three decades. J Veg Sci 15:781–788. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02321.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu L, Lindberg S, Nielsen AB (2013) Is biodiversity attractive? –On-site perception of recreational and biodiversity values in urban green space. Landscape Urban Plan 119:136–146. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.07.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs RE, Miller G (2000) Ecology, Fourth edn. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito M, Koike F (2013) Distribution of wild mammal assemblages along an urban-rural-forest landscape gradient in warm-temperate East Asia. PLoS One 8:e65464. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065464

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sandström UG, Angelstam P, Mikusiński G (2006) Ecological diversity of birds in relation to the structure of urban green space. Landscape Urban Plan 77:39–53. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.01.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz B, Ristow M, Prasse R, Machatzi B, Klemm G, Böcker R, Sukopp H (2012) Der Berliner Florenatlas. Beihefte zu den Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins von Berlin und Brandenburg 7:1–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Shwartz A, Shirley S, Kark S (2008) How do habitat variability and management regime shape the spatial heterogeneity of birds within a large Mediterranean urban park? Landscape Urban Plan 84:219–229. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snep RPH, Wallis DeVries MF, Opdam P (2011) Conservation where people work: a role for business districts and industrial areas in enhancing endangered butterfly populations? Landscape Urban Plan 103:94–101. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.07.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Südbeck P, Andretzke H, Fischer S, Gedeon K, Schikore T, Schröder K, Sudfeldt C (eds) (2005) Methodenstandards zur Erfassung der Brutvögel Deutschlands, Radolfzell

  • Tchoukanski I (2011) ET Spatial Techniques. www.ian-ko.com Accessed 13 Oct 2015

  • Toger M, Malkinson D, Benenson I, Czamanski D (2015) The connectivity of Haifa urban open space network. Environ Plann B 0:1–23. doi:10.1177/0265813515598991

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonietto R, Fant J, Ascher J, Ellis K, Larkin D (2011) A comparison of bee communities of Chicago green roofs, parks and prairies. Landscape Urban Plan 103:102–108. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.07.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner K, Lefler L, Freedman B (2005) Plant communities of selected urbanized areas of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Landscape Urban Plan 71:191–206. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.03.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uezu A, Metzger JP, Vielliard JME (2005) Effects of structural and functional connectivity and patch size on the abundance of seven Atlantic Forest bird species. Biol Conserv 123:507–519. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Heezik Y, Freeman C, Porter S, Dickinson KJM (2013) Garden size, householder knowledge, and socio-economic status influence plant and bird diversity at the scale of individual gardens. Ecosystems 16:1442–1454. doi:10.1007/s10021-013-9694-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verboom J, Pouwels R (2004) Ecological functioning of ecological net-works: a species perspective. In: Jongman RHG, Pungetti G (eds) Ecological networks and greenways: concept, design, implementation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 65–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Vilisics F, Hornung E (2009) Urban areas as hot-spots for introduced and shelters for native isopod species. Urban Ecosyst 12:333–345. doi:10.1007/s11252-009-0097-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wania A, Kühn I, Klotz S (2006) Plant richness patterns in agricultural and urban landscapes in Central Germany - spatial gradients of species richness. Landscape Urban Plan 75:97–110. doi:10.1016/j.landurbanplan.2004.12.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisberg S (2005) Applied linear regression. In: Shewhart WA, Wilks SS (eds) Wiley series in probability and statistics, Third edn. Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, pp 1–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Widdows CD, Ramesh T, Downs CT (2015) Factors affecting the distribution of large spotted genets (Genetta tigrina) in an urban environment in South Africa. Urban Ecosyst. doi:10.1007/s11252-015-0449-5

    Google Scholar 

  • Zerbe S, Maurer U, Schmitz S, Sukopp H (2002) Biodiversity in Berlin and its potential for nature conservation. Landscape Urban Plan 62:139–148. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00145-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zipperer WC, Wu J, Pouyat RV, Pickett STA (2000) The application of ecological principles to urban and urbanizing landscapes. Ecol Appl 10:685–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This joint research project was financially supported by the State of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany (VWZN2631). We thank H. Grebe for providing digital data and M. Bienek, G. Brunotte, L. Busse, I. Fischer, G. Garnatz, H. Geiges, S. Hallex, H. Illmer, B. Karrasch, C. Peter, H. Scharping, N. Voßler, A. Wenau, C. Wohnrade for the opportunity to conduct field surveys. We are grateful to M. D. Graf and L. von Falkenhayn for proofreading the English manuscript. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped us to improve the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Environmental Planning, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany

    Sarah A. Matthies, Stefan Rüter & Rüdiger Prasse

  2. Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Biostatistics, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany

    Frank Schaarschmidt

Authors
  1. Sarah A. Matthies
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stefan Rüter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Frank Schaarschmidt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rüdiger Prasse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarah A. Matthies.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Animal studies

This research paper contains data on bird and mammal species. Animals were only identified by sighting or hearing and no animals were captured during data collection. Therefore, the welfare of animals should not be negatively affected by the research.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(PDF 1.23 mb)

ESM 2

(PDF 112 kb)

ESM 3

(PDF 77.7 kb)

ESM 4

(PDF 147 kb)

ESM 5

(PDF 925 kb)

ESM 6

(PDF 60.1 kb)

ESM 7

(PDF 67.9 kb)

ESM 8

(PDF 78.5 kb)

ESM 9

(PDF 64.5 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Matthies, S.A., Rüter, S., Schaarschmidt, F. et al. Determinants of species richness within and across taxonomic groups in urban green spaces. Urban Ecosyst 20, 897–909 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-017-0642-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-017-0642-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation