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Retaining Critical Human Capital: Volunteer Firefighters in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

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Abstract

Effective delivery of services for the public good involves a multiplicity of organizations and actors, including those from the public, nonprofit, and private sectors. In some cases, service delivery is accomplished using programs that directly engage volunteers, including key public services like community-based and nonprofit volunteer fire departments. Volunteers in fire departments—often highly engaged volunteers with specialized training—provide vital services for a substantial portion of the United States, allowing local governments to realize considerable cost savings. Thus, issues of volunteer retention are a critical challenge for fire departments. Existing research has addressed issues of retention in a variety of settings; we argue that the challenging and particular context of fire departments is worthy of focused research. This article is an exploratory study of the predictors of voluntary firefighter retention in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. We use data from a web-based survey of volunteer firefighters to examine the factors that influence volunteer retention, focusing specifically on volunteer management practices and broader job-related concepts. Results indicate that volunteer training, performance management, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment influence both short- and mid-term intent to remain, indicating that management practices and programs, as well as other contextual factors that shape satisfaction and commitment, are important in retaining volunteers.

Résumé

La prestation efficace de services pour le bien public implique une multitude d’organismes et d’acteurs, dont ceux des secteurs publics, sans but lucratif et privés. Dans certains cas, cette prestation est réalisée à l’aide de programmes qui mobilisent directement des bénévoles, dont des services publics clés comme des services d’incendie communautaires et bénévoles sans but lucratif. Les bénévoles des services d’incendie, qui sont souvent des bénévoles engagés dotés d’une formation spécialisée, offrent des services essentiels à une importante part de la population américaine, permettant ainsi aux gouvernements d’économiser de grandes sommes. La question de la fidélisation des bénévoles représente donc un enjeu d’envergure pour les services d’incendie. Les recherches existantes ont traité de la fidélisation dans divers contextes. Nous avançons que le contexte complexe et particulier des services d’incendie justifie une recherche soignée. Le présent article se veut une étude exploratoire des indicateurs de prévision de la fidélisation des pompiers bénévoles de l’État de Pennsylvanie. Nous nous sommes servis de données tirées d’une enquête menée en ligne auprès de pompiers pour étudier les facteurs qui influencent la fidélisation des bénévoles, en nous concentrant particulièrement sur les pratiques de gestion de ces derniers et des concepts professionnels plus vastes connexes. Les résultats démontrent que la formation des bénévoles, la gestion du rendement, la satisfaction au travail et l’engagement organisationnel influencent l’intention à court et à long termes de rester, démontrant que les pratiques et programmes de gestion, en plus d’autres facteurs contextuels donnant forme à la satisfaction et à l’engagement, sont essentiels à la fidélisation des bénévoles.

Zusammenfassung

Die effektive Bereitstellung von Dienstleistungen für das öffentliche Wohl umfasst eine Vielzahl von Organisationen und Akteuren, einschließlich derer aus öffentlichen, gemeinnützigen und privaten Sektoren. In einigen Fällen erfolgt die Dienstleistungsbereitstellung über Programme, die sich direkt auf Ehrenamtliche stützen; dazu zählen wichtige öffentliche Dienstleistungen wie die gemeindebasierte und gemeinnützige freiwillige Feuerwehr. Ehrenamtliche Mitarbeiter der freiwilligen Feuerwehr - häufig höchst engagierte Ehrenamtliche mit spezieller Ausbildung - stellen für einen Großteil der USA äußerst wichtige Dienstleistungen bereit, was den lokalen Regierungen zu erheblichen Einsparungen verhilft. Somit ist das Thema der Bindung ehrenamtlicher Mitarbeiter für die Feuerwehr von großer Bedeutung. Forschungen haben das Thema der Bindung in einer Reihe von Kontexten betrachtet. Wir meinen, dass der schwierige und spezielle Kontext der Feuerwehr eine intensive Erforschung wert ist. Der vorliegende Beitrag ist eine explorative Studie der Prädiktoren für die Bindung von ehrenamtlichen Feuerwehrleuten im U.S.-Bundesstaat Pennsylvania. Wir verwenden Daten aus einer Internet-Befragung von freiwilligen Feuerwehrleuten,um die Faktoren zu untersuchen, die sich auf die Bindung der ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeiter auswirken, wobei wir uns insbesondere auf die Praktiken des Managments der Freiwilligenarbeit und auf weiterreichende arbeitsbezogene Konzepte konzentrieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Ausbildung der Ehrenamtlichen, das Leistungsmanagement, die Arbeitszufriedenheit und die organisatorische Verpflichtung die kurzfristige und mittelfristige Absicht, in der Organisation zu bleiben, beeinflussen, was darauf hinweist, dass die Managementpraktiken und -programme sowie andere kontextabhängige Faktoren, die sich auf die Zufriedenheit und das Engagement auswirken, für die Bindung ehrenamtlicher Mitarbeiter wichtig sind.

Resumen

La entrega efectiva de servicios para el bien público implica una multiplicidad de organizaciones y actores, incluidos aquellos de los sectores público, sin ánimo de lucro y privado. En algunos casos, la entrega de servicios se realiza utilizando programas que implican directamente a voluntarios, incluidos servicios públicos claves como los departamentos contra incendios voluntarios sin ánimo de lucro y basados en la comunidad. Los voluntarios en los departamentos contra incendios - a menudo voluntarios sumamente implicados con formación especializada - proporcionan servicios vitales para una parte sustancial de los Estados Unidos, permitiendo que los gobiernos locales logren considerables ahorros de costes. De este modo, los temas de retención de voluntarios son un desafío crítico para los departamentos contra incendios. La investigación existente ha abordado los temas de retención en una variedad de escenarios; argumentamos que el contexto específico y exigente de los departamentos contra incendios merece una investigación focalizada. El presente artículo es un estudio exploratorio de los predictores de la retención de bomberos voluntarios en el Estado de Pennsylvania. Utilizamos datos de una encuesta online de bomberos voluntarios para examinar los factores que influyen en la retención de voluntarios, centrándonos específicamente en las prácticas de gestión de voluntarios y conceptos más amplios relacionados con el trabajo. Los resultados indican que la formación de voluntarios, la gestión del rendimiento, la satisfacción en el trabajo, y el compromiso organizacional influyen en la intención de permanecer tanto a corto como a medio plazo, lo que indica que las prácticas y los programas de gestión, así como otros factores contextuales que dan forma a la satisfacción y al compromiso, son importantes para la retención de voluntarios.

摘要

为公益事业高效交付服务涉及组织和参与者的多样性,包括来自公共、非盈利和私人领域的人员。在一些情况下,使用直接涉及志愿者的计划实现服务交付,包括关键公共服务,如基于社区和非盈利志愿者的消防部门。消防部门的志愿者 - 通常是经过专门培训的高度参与志愿者 - 为美国部门的持续运行提供关键服务,让本地政府能够实现可观的费用降低。由此,志愿者保留问题是消防部门面临的关键挑战。现有研究涉及各种环境中的保留问题;我们认为,消防部门充满挑战的特定背景值得专门的研究。本文是宾夕法尼亚联邦志愿消防员保留预测因素的探索性研究。我们使用基于web的志愿消防员调查数据,检查影响志愿者保留的因素,特别专注于志愿者管理实践和更加广泛的工作相关概念。结果表明,志愿者培训、绩效管理、工作满意度和组织承诺都会影响短期和长期保留意愿,表明管理实践和计划,以及塑造满意度和承诺的其他上下文因素对保留志愿者非常重要。

ملخص

التقديم الفعال للخدمات من أجل الصالح العام ينطوي على تعدد المنظمات والجهات الفاعلة، بما في ذلك القطاعات العامة والغير ربحية، والقطاعات الخاصة. في بعض الحالات، يتم تقديم الخدمات بإستخدام البرامج التي تشرك مباشرة المتطوعين، بما في ذلك الخدمات العامة الأساسية مثل الإدارات المجتمعية و متطوعين إدارة مكافحة الحرائق الغير ربحية. المتطوعين في إدارات مكافحة الحرائق - غالبا” ما يشاركوا بالمتطوعين مع التدريب المتخصص – تقديم الخدمات الحيوية لجزء كبير من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، تسمح للحكومات المحلية بتحقيق توفيرات كبيرة في التكاليف. هكذا، مشاكل الإحتفاظ بالمتطوعين تشكل تحديا” حاسما” لإدارات مكافحة الحرائق. فقد تناولت البحوث القائمة مشاكل الإحتفاظ في مجموعة متنوعة من الإعدادات. فإننا نقول إن سياق التحدي والمحدد في إدارات مكافحة الحرائق يستحق تركيز البحوث. هذا المقال هو دراسة إستكشافية للتنبؤ بالإحتفاظ برجال الإطفاء المتطوعين في رابطة ولاية بنسلفانيا. نحن نستخدم بيانات من إستطلاع على شبكة الإنترنت من رجال الاطفاء المتطوعين لدراسة العوامل التي تؤثر على الإحتفاظ بالمتطوعين، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على ممارسات إدارة المتطوعين والمفاهيم ذات الصلة بعمل أوسع. تشير النتائج إلى أن تدريب المتطوعين، وإدارة الأداء، والرضا الوظيفي، وتأثير الإلتزام التنظيمي في الأمدين القصير و نية منتصف المدة و للبقاء، مشيرا” إلى أن الممارسات الإدارية والبرامج، فضلا” عن العوامل السياقية الأخرى التي تشكل الرضا والإلتزام، مهمين في الحفاظ على المتطوعين.

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Change history

  • 11 April 2018

    The PDF version of this article was reformatted to a larger trim size.

Notes

  1. We fundamentally do not believe in “best practices,” as organizations are deeply complex and little empirical evidence has verified any management practice as the “best.” Therefore, we refer to commonly recommended practices as “better practices.”.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge efforts of the Pennsylvania Office of the State Fire Commissioner and the fire chiefs and fire marshals who supported this research through the dissemination of the survey instrument.

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Correspondence to Alexander C. Henderson.

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Appendix

Appendix

See Table 6.

Table 6 Variables and measurement

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Henderson, A.C., Sowa, J.E. Retaining Critical Human Capital: Volunteer Firefighters in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Voluntas 29, 43–58 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9831-7

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