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Influence of Methyl Groups in Triphenylmethane Dyes on Their Adsorption on Biochars from Coffee Husks

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Abstract

Biochars (BC), whose properties are highly dependent on the pyrolysis temperature used, have been proposed for the efficient removal of a variety of contaminants from wastewater. In this work, pristine biochars were produced by the pyrolysis of coffee husks at temperatures of 400, 500, 750, and 900 °C, for use in the adsorption of pararosaniline (PRA) and methyl violet 10B (MV10B), which are triphenylmethane dyes with similar structures, but different numbers of methyl groups. The biochars were characterized and the dye adsorption kinetics and equilibria were investigated. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy analyses indicated that a higher pyrolysis temperature increased the aromaticity of the biochar surface structure, while decreasing the number of oxygenate functional groups. Higher adsorption capacities were generally observed at pH 7.5, with the maximum adsorption amounts increasing in the order BC900 ≈ BC750 < BC500 < BC400 for both dyes, being 1.3 times higher for PRA on BC400 (97.22 mmol kg−1), but 1.9 times higher for MV10B on BC900 (5.49 mmol kg−1). The Langmuir model provided the best fit to the adsorption isotherms for BC400 and BC900, while the Dubinin–Radushkevich model satisfactorily fitted the isotherms for the other biochars. These results showed that increase of the pyrolysis temperature resulted in a decrease in the number of adsorption sites with which the dyes interacted more favorably by means of hydrogen bonds. Although hydrophobic interactions were not important driving forces for adsorption of the dyes, the higher number of methyl groups in MV10B favored its adsorption on the more hydrophobic biochar.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the FAPEMIG, CNPq, FINEP, and CAPES for their financial support; the Analysis and Chemical Prospecting Center of the Federal University of Lavras, and FINEP, FAPEMIG, CNPq, and CAPES for provision of the equipment and technical support for experiments involving FTIR analyses, and the Laboratório de Análise de Qualidade de Aguardente for provision of the equipment for spetrophotometric analisys. Additional support was provided by FAPEMIG (Master’s scholarship awarded to A. E. Castro), UFLA (scholarships awarded to A. E. Castro, F. S. Martinho, and M. L. Barbosa), and CAPES (scholarship awarded to J. R. Franca).

Funding

Financial support for this work was provided by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG, grants APQ-00775–21, RED-00282–16, RED-00185–16, CEX-APQ-01865–17, and APQ-00461–18), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, grants APQ-00775–21, 420779/2018–3, 312865/2020–1, and 433027/2018–5), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP, grants 02/2014 NANO 0501/16 and 02/2016), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Finance Code 001).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Campus Universitário, PO Box 3037, Lavras, MG, Brazil

    Amanda Eugênio de Castro, Felipe da Silva Martinho, Mylene Lourdes Barbosa & Guilherme Max Dias Ferreira

  2. Department of Physics, Federal University of Lavras, Campus Universitário, PO Box 3037, Lavras, MG, Brazil

    José Romão Franca & Jenaina Ribeiro-Soares

  3. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil

    Gabriel Max Dias Ferreira

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  1. Amanda Eugênio de Castro
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  2. Felipe da Silva Martinho
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  3. Mylene Lourdes Barbosa
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Contributions

Amanda Eugênio de Castro: data curation; investigation. Felipe da Silva Martinho: data curation; investigation. Mylene Lourdes Barbosa: data curation; investigation. José Romão Franca: investigation; writing—original draft. Jenaina Ribeiro-Soares: methodology; formal analysis; funding acquisition; writing—review and editing; resources. Gabriel Max Dias Ferreira: formal analysis; writing—original draft. Guilherme Max Dias Ferreira: funding acquisition; methodology; project administration; supervision; visualization; resources.

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Correspondence to Guilherme Max Dias Ferreira.

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de Castro, A.E., da Silva Martinho, F., Barbosa, M.L. et al. Influence of Methyl Groups in Triphenylmethane Dyes on Their Adsorption on Biochars from Coffee Husks. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 180 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05623-8

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