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Phytoremediation processes of domestic and textile effluents: evaluation of the efficacy and toxicological effects in Lemna minor and Daphnia magna

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Abstract

Phytoremediation has been proposed as a potential biotechnological strategy to remediate effluents before their release into the environment. The use of common aquatic plant species, such as macrophytes (e.g., Lemna spp.) as a cleanup solution has been proposed decades ago. However, the effectiveness of such processes must be assessed by analyzing the toxicity of resulting effluents, for the monitoring of wastewater quality. To attain this purpose, this work intended to quantify the efficacy of a Lemna-based wastewater phytoremediation process, by analyzing toxicological effects of domestic and textile effluents. The toxic effects were measured in Lemna minor (same organisms used in the phytoremediation process, by quantifying toxicological endpoints such as root length, pigment content, and catalase activity) and by quantifying individual parameters of Daphnia magna (immobilization, reproduction, and behavior analysis). Phytoremediation process resulted in a decrease of chemical oxygen demand in both effluents and in an increase in root length of exposed plants. Moreover, textile effluent decreased pigments content and increased catalase activity, while domestic effluent increased the anthocyanin content of exposed plants. D. magna acute tests allowed calculating a EC50 and Toxic Units interval of 53.82–66.89%/1.85–1.49, respectively, to raw textile effluent; however, it was not possible to calculate these parameters for raw and treated domestic effluent (RDE and TDE). Therefore, in general, the acute toxicity of effluent toward D. magna was null for RDE, and mild for the treated textile effluent (TTE), probably due to the effect of phytoremediation. Exposure to textile effluents (raw and treated) increased the total number of neonates of D. magna and, in general, both textile effluents decreased D. magna distance swim. Moreover, although both effluents were capable of causing morphological and physiological/biochemical alterations in L. minor plants, organisms of this species were able to survive in the presence of both effluents and to remediate them.

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Abbreviations

AA:

Anthocyanins

Car:

Carotenoids

CAT:

Catalase

Chlor a:

Chlorophyll a

Chlor b:

Chlorophyll b

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

PC:

Phytoremediation control

PE:

Pre-treatment

RDE:

Raw domestic effluent

RTE:

Raw textile effluent

TD:

Total distance moved

TDE:

Treated domestic effluent

TT:

Total swimming time

TTE:

Treated textile effluent

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Acknowledgments

B.N. was hired through the Investigator FCT program (IF/01744/2013). Thanks also due to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017) for financial support and FCT through national funds and co-funding FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement. C.P. thanks Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) for the financial support of the postdoctoral stay in CESAM, Portugal. The authors also thank Engª Norberta Coelho and Águas do Norte—Grupo de Águas de Portugal.

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  1. Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Gilberto Dias de Alkimin & Bruno Nunes

  2. Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Gilberto Dias de Alkimin & Bruno Nunes

  3. Department of Molecular Biology, FCEFQyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina

    Cintia Paisio & Elizabeth Agostini

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de Alkimin, G.D., Paisio, C., Agostini, E. et al. Phytoremediation processes of domestic and textile effluents: evaluation of the efficacy and toxicological effects in Lemna minor and Daphnia magna. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 4423–4441 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07098-3

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