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Independent and combined associations of solid-fuel use and smoking with obesity among rural Chinese adults

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Abstract

Although solid-fuel use or smoking is associated with obesity measured by body mass index (BMI), research on their interactive effects on general and central obesity is limited. Data of 20,140 individuals in the Henan Rural Cohort Study was examined the independent and combined associations of solid-fuel use and smoking with prevalent obesity, which was measured by BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body fat percentage (BFP), and visceral fat index (VFI). Multiple adjusted logistic regression models showed that the OR (95% CI) of prevalent obesity measured by BMI associated with exposure to solid fuels alone or with smoking was 0.78 (0.70, 0.86) or 0.46 (0.32, 0.66), compared with neither smoking nor solid-fuel exposure. Similar results had been found in other obese anthropometric indices and in the results of linear regression analysis. The results indicated that solid-fuel use and smoking have a synergistic effect on reduction in obesity indices. The effects of household air pollution from solid-fuel use and smoking on obesity should be considered when exploring the influencing factors of obesity.

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Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study, as well as the R code for reproducing the results, are available upon request to the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

BFP:

Body fat percentage

BMI:

Body mass index

CI:

Confidence interval

HAP:

Household air pollution

SD:

Standard deviation

VFI:

Visceral fat index

WC:

Waist circumference

WHR:

Waist-to-hip ratio

WHtR:

Waist-to-height ratio

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank all the participants, research staff, and administrators for their supports in this study. Additionally, the authors would like to thank Dr. Tanko Abdulai for his critical reading of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the Foundation of National Key Program of Research and Development of China (Grant No: 2016YFC0900803), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No: U1404814, 81573243, 81602925), Henan Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No: 182300410293), Science and Technology Foundation for Innovation Talent of Henan Province (Grant No: 164100510021), Science and Technology Innovation Talents Support Plan of Henan Province Colleges and Universities (Grant No: 14HASTIT035), and High-Level Personnel Special Support Project of Zhengzhou University (Grant No: ZDGD13001). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Author notes

  1. Mingming Pan and Jianjun Gu contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People’s Republic of China

    Mingming Pan, Ruiying Li, Hao Chen, Xiaotian Liu, Runqi Tu, Zhenxing Mao, Wenqian Huo, Jian Hou & Chongjian Wang

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China

    Jianjun Gu

  3. Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK

    Ruoling Chen

  4. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China

    Songcheng Yu

Authors
  1. Mingming Pan
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  2. Jianjun Gu
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  3. Ruiying Li
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  4. Hao Chen
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  10. Wenqian Huo
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  11. Jian Hou
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Contributions

CW, JH, and MP suggested and conceptualized the study. All authors designed the study and developed the study protocol. MP and JG analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript. JH, MP, RL, RT, RC, and HC interpreted the results and contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jian Hou or Chongjian Wang.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Zhengzhou University Life Science Ethics Committee (Code: [2015] MEC (S128)), and informed consent was acquired from each participant before this survey.

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Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya

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Pan, M., Gu, J., Li, R. et al. Independent and combined associations of solid-fuel use and smoking with obesity among rural Chinese adults. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 33613–33622 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13081-8

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