Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Changes in the pH, EC, available P, SOC and TN stocks in a single rice paddy after long-term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic matters in a cold temperate region of Japan

  • ISEB 2015: Biogeochemical Dynamics of Sediment-Water Systems: Processes and Modelling
  • Published:
Journal of Soils and Sediments Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

The objective of this study was to determine the changes in the main soil chemical properties including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), available phosphorus (P), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks after long-term (31 years) additions of two types of organic matters—rice straw and rice straw compost, combined with NPK fertilizers in single rice paddy in a cold temperate region of Japan.

Materials and methods

A long-term experiment on combined inorganic fertilizers and organic matters in paddy rice cultivation began in May 1982 in Yamagata, northeastern Japan. After the 31st harvest, soil samples were collected from five treatments [(1) PK, (2) NPK, (3) NPK + 6 Mg ha−1 rice straw (RS), (4) NPK + 10 Mg ha−1 rice straw compost (CM1), and (5) NPK + 30 Mg ha−1 rice straw compost (CM3)] at five soil depths (0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, and 20–25 cm). Soil chemical properties of pH, EC, available P, SOC, and TN were analyzed.

Results and discussion

The pH decreased significantly only at the higher compost rate of 30 Mg ha−1, while EC increased in all the organic matter treatments. Available P significantly increased in the CM1 and CM3 treatments by 55.1 and 86.4 %. The amounts of SOC stock increased by 67.2, 21.4, and 8.6 %, and soil TN stock by 64.1, 20.2, and 8.5 % in CM3, RS, and CM1, respectively, compared to NPK treatment.

Conclusions

Significant changes in soil properties were observed after 31 years of organic matter applications with reference to PK- and NPK-fertilized rice paddy soils. A significant decrease in pH was observed with the application of a high rate (30 Mg ha−1) of rice straw compost but not with the conventional rate of 10 Mg ha−1. However, EC increased significantly relative to that of the PK- and NPK-fertilized plots in all the organic matter treatments. Available P significantly increased in the CM1 and CM3 treatments by 55.1 and 86.4 %. The amounts of SOC stock expressed as a percentage of total C applied to the soil were higher from 10 Mg ha−1 compost (28.7 %) than that from 6 Mg ha−1 rice straw (17.4 %), indicating a more effective soil organic C accumulation from rice straw compost than that from original rice straw.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen BL, Mallarino AP (2006) Relation between soil phosphorus and phosphorous saturation after long-term fertilizer or manure application. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:454–463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair N, Faulkner RD, Till AR, Poulton PR (2006) Long-term management impacts on soil C, N and physical fertility. Part I: Broadbalk experiment. Soil Till Res 91:30–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng W, Yagi K, Akiyama H, Nishimura S, Sudo S, Fumoto T, Hasegawa T, Hartley AE, Megonigal JP (2007) An empirical model of soil chemical properties that regulate methane production in Japanese rice paddy soils. J Environ Qual 36:1920–1925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng W, Okamoto Y, Takei M, Tawaraya K, Yasuda H (2015) Combined use of Azolla and loach suppressed weed Monochoria vaginalis and increased rice yield without agrochemicals. Org Agr 5:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawe DC, Dobermann A, Moya P, Abdulrachman S, Singh B, Lal P, Li SY, Lin B, Panaullah G, Sariam O, Singh Y, Swarup A, Tan PS, Zhen QX (2000) How widespread are yield declines in long-term rice experiments in Asia? Field Crops Res 66:175–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimassi B, Cohan JP, Labreuche J, Mary B (2013) Changes in soil carbon and nitrogen following tillage conversion in a long-term experiment in Northern France. Agric Ecosyst Environ 169:12–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong W, Zhang X, Wang H, Dai X, Sun X, Qiu W, Yang F (2012) Effect of different fertilizer application on the soil fertility of paddy soils in red soil region of southern China. PLoS One 7(9):e44504. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044504

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellert BH, Bettany JR (1995) Calculation of organic matter and nutrients stored in soils under contrasting management regimes. Can J Soil Sci 75:529–538

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2015) FAOSTAT database. http://faostat.fao.org/. Accessed Dec 2015

  • Gami SK, Ladha JK, Pathak H, Shah MP, Pasuquin E, Pandey SP, Hobbs PR, Joshy D, Mishra R (2001) Long-term changes in yield and soil fertility in a twenty-year rice-wheat experiment in Nepal. Biol Fertil Soils 34:73–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh S, Wilson B, Ghoshal S, Senepati N, Mandal B (2012) Organic amendments influence soil quality and carbon sequestration in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Agric Ecosyst Environ 156:134–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant RF, Juma NG, Robertson RC, Izaurralde RC, McGill WB (2001) Long-term changes in soil carbon under different fertilizer, manure, and rotation: testing the mathematical model ecosys with data from the Breton plots. Soil Sci Soc Am J 65:205–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins DW, Waite IS, McNicol JW, Poulton PR, Macdonald AJ, O’Donnell AG (2009) Soil organic carbon contents in long-term experimental grassland plots in the UK (palace leas and park grass) have not changed consistently in recent decades. Glob Chang Biol 15:1739–1754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inubushi K, Wada H, Takai Y (1984) Easily decomposable organic matter in paddy soil (IV). Relationship between reduction process and organic matter decomposition. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 30:189–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JSSSPN (Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition) (1986) Soil normal analysis methods. Hakuyusha Press, Tokyo in Japanese

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanamori T (2000) Present state of long-term field experiments on successive application of chemical fertilizers and composts as organic matters in national and prefectural research stations. Jap J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 71:286–293 in Japanese

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson LOT, Andren O, Katterer T, Mattsson L (2003) Management effects on topsoil carbon and nitrogen in Swedish long-term field experiments—budget calculations with and without humus pool dynamics. Eur J Agron 30:137–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Körschens M (2006) The importance of long-term field experiments for soil science and environmental research—a review. Plant Soil Environ 52:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koyama T, App A (1979) Nitrogen balance in flooded rice soils. In: Nitrogen and rice. The International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines, pp. 95–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Nakajima T, Mbonimpa EG, Gautam S, Somireddy UR, Kadono A, Lal R, Chintala R, Rafique R, Fausey N (2014) Long-term tillage and drainage influences on soil organic carbon dynamics, aggregate stability and corn yield. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 60:108–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyuma K (2004) Paddy soil science. Kyoto University Press, Kyoto, Japan

    Google Scholar 

  • Kätterer T, Börjesson G, Kirchmann H (2014) Changes in organic carbon in the topsoil and microbial community composition caused by repeated additions of organic amendments and N fertilization in a long-term field experiment in Sweden. Agric Ecosyst Environ 189:110–118

  • Ladha JK, Pathak H, Padre AT, Dawe D, Gupta RK (2003) Productivity trends in intensive rice-wheat cropping systems in Asia. In: Ladha JK et al. (eds) Improving the productivity and sustainability of rice-wheat systems: issues and impacts. ASA Special Publication No. 65, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 45–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandal B, Majumder B, Bandyopadhyay PK, Hazra GC, Gangopadhyay A, Samantaray RN, Mishra AK, Chaudhury J, Saha MN, Kundu S (2007) The potential of cropping systems and soil amendments for carbon sequestration in soils under long-term experiments in subtropical India. Glob Chang Biol 13:357–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mao X, Xu X, Lu K, Gielen G, Luo J, He L, Donnison A, Xu Z, Xu J, Yang W, Song Z, Wang H (2015) Effect of 17 years of organic and inorganic fertilizer applications on soil phosphorus dynamics in a rice–wheat rotation cropping system in eastern China. J Soils Sediments 15:1889–1899

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima M, Cheng W, Tang S, Hori Y, Yaginuma E, Hattori S, Hanayama S, Tawaraya K, Xu XK (2016) Modeling aerobic decomposition of rice straw during off-rice season in an Andisol paddy soil in a cold temperate region, Japan: effects of soil temperature and moisture. Soil Sci Plant Nutri 62:90–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak P, Patel D, Ramakrishnan B, Mishra AK, Samantaray RN (2009) Long-term application effects of chemical fertilizer and compost on soil carbon under intensive rice–rice cultivation. Nutr Cycl Agrosyst 83:259–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padre TA, Tsuchiya K, Inubushi K, Ladha JK (2005) Enhancing soil quality through residue management in a rice-wheat system in Fukuoka, Japan. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 51:849–860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padre TA, Ladha JK, Regmi AP, Bhandari AL, Inubushi K (2007) Organic amendments affect soil parameters in two long-term rice-wheat experiments. Soil Sci Soc Am J 71:442–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pampolino MF, Gines HC, Buresh RJ (2006) Soil carbon and nitrogen changes in long-term continuous lowland rice cropping. Soil Sci Soc Am J 72:798–807

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peltre C, Christensen BT, Dragon S, Icard C, Kätterer T, Houot S (2012) Carbon accumulation in soil after repeated applications of different organic amendments evaluated by applying the RothC model to four long-term field experiments. Soil Biol Biochem 52:49–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen PE, Albrecht SL, Smiley RW (1998) Soil C and N changes under tillage and cropping systems in semi-arid Pacific Northwest agriculture. Soil Till Res 47:197–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richter DD, Hofmockel M, Callaham MA, Powlson DS, Smith P (2007) Long-term soil experiments: keys to managing Earth’s rapidly changing ecosystems. Soil Sci Soc Am J 71:266–279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sikora LJ, Enkiri NK (2003) Availability of poultry litter compost P to fescue compared with triple super phosphate. Soil Sci 168:192–199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith P, Smith JU, Powlson DS, McGill WB, Arah JRM, Chertov OG, Coleman K, Franko U, Frolking S, Jenkinson DS, Jensen LS, Kelly RH, Klein-Gunnewiek H, Komarov AS, Li C, Molina JAE, Mueller T, Parton WJ, Thornley JHM, Whitmore AP (1997) A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments. Geoderma 81:153–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang S, Cheng W, Hu R, Guigue J, Kimani SM, Tawaraya K, Xu XK (2016) Stimulating the effects of soil temperature and moisture in the off-rice season on rice straw decomposition and subsequent CH4 production during the growth season in a paddy soil. Biol Fertil Soils 52:739–748

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tian K, Zhao Y, Xu X, Hai N, Huang B, Deng W (2015) Effects of long-term fertilization and residue management on soil organic carbon changes in paddy soils of China: a meta-analysis. Agric Ecosyst Environ 204:40–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tong C, Xiao H, Tang G, Wang H, Huang T, Xia H, Keith SJ, Li Y, Liu S, Wu J (2009) Long-term fertilizer effects on organic carbon and total nitrogen and coupling relationships of C and N in paddy soils in subtropical China. Soil Till Res 106:8–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi R, Nayak AK, Bhattacharyya P, Shukla AK, Shahid M, Raja R, Panda BB, Mohanty S, Kumar A, Thilagam VK (2014) Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions after 41 years long-term fertilizer experiments in tropical rice-rice system. Geoderma 213:280–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav RL, Dwivedi BS, Pandey PS (2000) Rice–wheat cropping system: assessment of sustainability under green manuring and chemical fertilizer inputs. Field Crop Res 65:15–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamagata Agricultural Research Station (1983) Yamagata Agricultural Research Station Annual Report No. 59–5, pp 42–52 in Japanese

  • Yan D, Wang D, Yang L (2007) Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on labile organic matter fractions in a paddy soil. Biol Fertil Soils 44:93–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan X, Wei Z, Wang D, Zhang G, Wang J (2015) Phosphorus status and its sorption-associated soil properties in a paddy soil as affected by organic amendments. J Soils Sediments 15:1882–1888

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Xu M, Wang X, Huang Q, Nie J, Li Z, Li S, Hwang SW, Lee BK (2012) Effects of organic amendments on soil carbon sequestration in paddy fields of subtropical China. J Soils Sediments 12:457–470

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was funded in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research and International Collaborations, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and in part by The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University and by Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan

    Weiguo Cheng, Chizuru Sato, Toan Nguyen-Sy & Keitaro Tawaraya

  2. Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO Box, 7777, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines

    Agnes T. Padre

  3. Yamagata Integrated Agricultural Research Center, 6060-27 Minorigaoka, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, 990-2373, Japan

    Hiroyuki Shiono & Katsumi Kumagai

Authors
  1. Weiguo Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Agnes T. Padre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hiroyuki Shiono
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chizuru Sato
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Toan Nguyen-Sy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Keitaro Tawaraya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Katsumi Kumagai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Weiguo Cheng.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Jadran Faganeli

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cheng, W., Padre, A.T., Shiono, H. et al. Changes in the pH, EC, available P, SOC and TN stocks in a single rice paddy after long-term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic matters in a cold temperate region of Japan. J Soils Sediments 17, 1834–1842 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1544-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1544-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation