Abstract
This empirical study investigates factors that influence the implementation of science inquiry in the education systems of Turkey, Israel, Sweden and the Czech Republic. Data was collected by means of recordings of science experts’ discussions as part of an EU-funded project called Science-Teacher Education Advanced Methods (2009–2012). Results of the qualitative analysis reveal that the following general indicators provide insight into the extent of implementation of inquiry-based science education (IBSE): (1) curriculum (2) assessment (3) policy and (4) teacher professionalization systems. In a second step comparative analyses of the four countries’ education systems were conducted with regard to these indicators. To compare these factors we refer to both the framework of neo-institutional theories that explore the emergence of isomorphic educational models and to results from comparative studies emphasizing the influence of the countries’ individual structure and cultural practices on modifying global pressure to convergence. Results show that in each of the countries these indicators influence the implementation of science inquiry to varying degrees. Moreover, as a result of the comparative analyses further country specific factors important for implementing science inquiry were found: (5) the need to improve existing teaching methods, (6) predominant teaching patterns, (7) infrastructure that enables changes in education and (8) education system’s general goals that correlate with reforms.
Özet
Bu deneysel çalışma, Türkiye, İsrail, İsveç ve Çek Cumhuriyetleri eğitim sistemlerindeki bilimsel sorgulama uygulamalarını etkileyen faktörleri araştırmaktadır. Avrupa Birliği tarafından desteklenen Fen Öğretmen Eğitimi İleri Metotlar (2009–2012) isimli proje kapsamında bilim uzmanları tarafından yapılan tartışmalarının ses kayıtları bu çalışmanın verilerini oluşturmaktadır. Nitel analiz sonuçları aşağıdaki genel göstergelerin sorgulamaya dayalı fen eğitiminin (IBSE) hangi ölçüde uygulandığının yapısını ortaya çıkarılmasını sağlamıştır: (1) öğretim programı, (2) değerlendirme, (3) politika ve (4) öğretmen profesyonelleşme sistemleri. Bu göstergeler ışığında bu dört ülkenin eğitim sistemleri ikinci kez karşılaştırmalı analize tabi tutulmuştur. Bu faktörleri karşılaştırmak için hem eşbiçimlik eğitim modellerinin oluşumunu araştıran yeni kurumsalcılık teorilerin çerçevesine ve hem de ülkelerin bireysel yapılarının etkisine vurgu yapan ve küresel baskı ile kültürel pratiklerin yakınlaşmasına yönelik karşılaştırmalı çalışmalara başvurduk. Sonuçlar her bir ülke için bu göstergelerin bilimsel sorgulama uygulamalarını farklı derecelerde etkilediğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca karşılatırmalı analizler sonucunda bilimsel sorgulama uygulamaları için önemli olan başka faktörler de bulunmuştur: (5) mevcut öğretim yöntemlerini geliştirme ihtiyacı, (6) baskın öğretim desenleri, (7) eğitimde değişime olanak sağlayan altyapı ve (8) reformlar ile bağdaş olan eğitimin genel amaçları.
סיכום
Sammanfattning
Denna empiriska studie undersöker faktorer som påverkar implementering av undervisning med ett undersökande arbetssätt (inquiry based science education, IBSE) inom utbildningssystemen i Turkiet, Israel, Sverige och Tjeckien. Data samlades in med hjälp av inspelningar av experter pånaturvetenskaplig utbildning i diskussioner som en del av en EU-finansierat projekt S-TEAM (Science-Teacher Education Advanced Methods (2009–2012). Resultat från den kvalitativa analysen visar först att följande allmänna indikatorer ger en inblick i omfattningen avgenomförandet av naturvetenskaplig undervisning med ett undersökande arbetssätt(IBSE): (1) läroplan (2) bedömning (3) politik och (4) system för lärares fortbildning. I ett andra steg genomfördes jämförande analyser av de fyra ländernas utbildningssystem med avseende på dessa indikatorer. För att jämföra faktorer, refererar vi dels till ett neo-politiskt ramverk, vilket undersöker förekomsten av isomorfa utbildningsmodeller, och dels till resultat från jämförande studier som uppmärksammar ländernas individuella strukturer och kulturella praktiker för att modifiera det globala trycket mot konvergens. Resultaten visar att indikatorerna påverkar implementering av undervisning med ett undersökande arbetssätt (IBSE) i varierande grad i var och en av länderna. Dessutom, som en följd av de jämförande analyserna, konstaterades ytterligare land-specifika faktorer som är viktiga för genomförandet av undervisning med ett undersökande arbetssätt: (5) behov av att förbättra befintliga undervisningsmetoder, (6) dominerande undervisningsmönster, (7) infrastruktur som möjliggör förändringar i utbildningen och (8) att utbildningssystemets allmänna mål korrelerar med reformer. En reflektion från de svenska nationella samtalsdagarna som datainsamlingen är hämtat ifrån, är att de skolpolitiska förutsättningarna är planerade så långt fram i tiden att de reformer som initieras från ett EU-projekt som S-TEAM har svårt att få genomslag på politisk nivå. Svenska läro-och kursplaner reglerar inte hur undervisning bedrivs men ställer krav på ett centralt innehåll, och har övergripande målsättningar med avseende på värdegrund och skolans uppdrag. Detta ställer stora krav på svenska lärarutbildningsprogram vid universiteten att införa inquiry baserad undervisning för att kunna realisera lärarutbildning- och fortbildning, som ger lärarkompetens att undervisa efter de svenska styrdokumentens intentioner vilka kan realiseras med mer av ett undersökande arbetssätt. Här krävs ett utökat samarbete mellan naturvetenskapsdidaktiker och ämnesinstitutionerna.
Shrnutí
Požadavky na zlepšení přírodovědného a matematického vzdělávání v Evropě vedly ke snahám o nadnárodní aktivity, které by ovlivnily národní vzdělávací praxi. V rámci evropských rámcových projektů byly realizovány diseminační aktivity, které směřovaly k rozšiřování dobré praxe v nadnárodním měřítku. Evropské projekty, které k tomu směřovaly, ukázaly, že širší uplatnění pedagogického konceptu badatelsky orientovaného přírodovědného a matematického vzdělávání (IBSE) nezbytně vyžaduje přijmout podpůrná opatření. Hledání toho, jak mají být tato opatření zaměřena, je předmětem i předkládaného textu. Tato empirická studie zkoumá faktory, které ovlivňují realizaci badatelsky orientovaného vyučování ve výuce přírodovědných předmětů a matematiky v Turecku, Izraeli, Švédsku a v České republice. Data, z nichž studie vychází, byla shromážděna v rámci projektu 7. Rámcového programu EU nazvaného Science-Teacher Education Advanced Methods, řešeného v letech 2009–2012. Pro tuto studii byla použita analýza audiozáznamů diskusí národních expertních panelů, která byla zpracována otevřeným a posléze axiálním nehierarchickým kódováním. Výsledky kvalitativní analýzy ukázaly, že míra uskutečňování badatelsky orientovaného přírodovědného a matematického vyučování (IBSE) v zúčastněných zemích souvisí s následujícími hlavními faktory: (1) kurikulum, (2) hodnocení, (3) vzdělávací politika, (4) systém profesního rozvoje učitelů. Vyšší pravděpodobnost rozsáhlejšího uplatňování IBSE je tam, kde je kurikulum jasně a explicitně zacíleno na badatelsky orientovaný přístup k vyučování a učení. Uplatňování IBSE je dále významně ovlivněno způsoby hodnocení práce žáků, které učitelé používají, což se odvíjí od struktury kurikula a převažujících způsobů výuky v dané zemi. Nezbytné je dále, aby IBSE bylo významně podpořeno vzdělávací politikou – nejen v rovině samotného přírodovědného kurikula, ale i přípravy a profesního rozvoje učitelů. IBSE je závislé i na tom, nakolik je efektivně začleněno do dalšího vzdělávání učitelů. V další části studie byly tyto faktory sledovány ve srovnávací analýze vzdělávacích systémů čtyř zúčastněných zemí. Tato analýza přihlíží jednak k tlakům, které vedou k postupnému sbližování národních vzdělávacích systémů, tak jak jsou popsány v neoinstitucionálních teoriích; jednak k výsledkům srovnávacích studií, které ukazují, že proměny vzdělávacích systémů ve směru uvedené konvergence jsou ovlivněny národně specifickými podobami struktury vzdělávacího systému a kulturně vázaných vzdělávacích tradic. Výsledky ukazují, že v každé ze zúčastněných zemí studované faktory ovlivňují realizaci badatelsky orientovaného přírodovědeckého a matematického vyučování různou měrou. Ze srovnávací analýzy navíc vyplynuly další faktory, které se ukazují jako podstatné pro implementaci badatelského vyučování, jako jsou (5) potřeba zlepšit existující výukové postupy a metody, (6) převažující způsoby výuky v dané zemi, (7) infrastruktura, která umožňuje změny ve vzdělávání, (8) hlavní cíle vzdělávacího systému. Uplatňování IBSE je v dané zemi podpořeno, pokud si klíčoví aktéři přírodovědného vzdělávání uvědomí nutnost změny stávajících výukových metod a podpoří ji. Takové uvědomění je často spojeno s horšími nebo zhoršujícími se národními výsledky v mezinárodních šetřeních výsledků učení žáků. Ochotu začít ve větším rozsahu používat badatelských forem výuky značně ovlivňuje to, nakolik převažující styly výuky v dané zemi obsahují dílčí prvky badatelského přístupu. Významným faktorem je také vybavenost škol pro tento způsob výuky. Důležité je však zejména to, nakolik IBSE odpovídá hlavním cílům národní vzdělávací strategie, pokud tomu tak je, větší zastoupení badatelských forem výuky získává vyšší prioritu.
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Heinz, J., Enghag, M., Stuchlikova, I. et al. Impact of initiatives to implement science inquiry: a comparative study of the Turkish, Israeli, Swedish and Czech science education systems. Cult Stud of Sci Educ 12, 677–708 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-015-9704-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-015-9704-6