Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Education and Skills Development in China-Africa Cooperation

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Frontiers of Education in China

Abstract

Education, skills, and the development of an African workforce are at a critical moment. While it is recognized that Chinese firms hire local people, the focus of the debate is more on the position and opportunities for training and advancement. As such, the paper tries to answer the following questions. Does China really contribute to skills development in Africa? Does China employment, education, and skills transfer pattern contribute to Africa’s own structural transformation and benefit African workforce? In attempting to answer these questions, this paper first lays out the current magnitude of demand for skills in Africa and the priorities for education and skills transfer that can successfully address Africa’s skills shortage. Significantly, this will enable researchers and non-researchers to understand the diversity of Chinese firms’ skills transfer patterns and the reasons behind these patterns. In order to present a comprehensive and precise picture as well as understand the context for China and Africa education and skills transfer development, the paper draws from various data collected from diverse sources, including government statistics, firm reports, second-hand academic literature, local and international news media, official government reports, and research studies. The paper suggests that the assessment of skills transfer pattern should not only consider employees’ and employers’ direct interests, but also in the short run, skills transfer should focus on offering short, practical courses to secondary and higher education graduates involving primarily on-the-job training. In the long run, there is a need to change the way employees and students are trained, including curriculum reforms that favor science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Emphasis should also be placed on critical thinking, problem-solving, discovery, and experiential training.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adisu, K, Sharkey, T., & Okoroafo, S. C. (2010). The impact of Chinese investment in Africa. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(9), 3–9. doi: 10.1108/JCEFTS-03-2016-0009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • African Economic Outlook. (2017). Entrepreneurship and industrialization. African Development Bank, OECD Development Centre, the United Nations Development Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allais, S. (2011). What are skills? Reflections on policy in South Africa in the light of international debates. Paper Presented at the Global Labor University, Berlin, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allais, S., Raffe, D., Strathdee, R., Wheelahan, L., & Young, M. (2009). Learning from the first qualifications frameworks. Employment Working Paper No. 45. Geneva: International Labor Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • April, F. Y., & Shelton, G. (Eds.). (2015). Perspectives on South Africa-China relations at 15 years. Africa Institute of South Africa, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asit, K. B. (2018). Initiative injects vitality into economies. China Daily. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from usa.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/07/WS5b68d951b8c8ea7.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayemba, D. (November 30, 2017). Kenya starts upgrade program to boost the construction industry. Constriction Review Online. Retrieved March 10, 2018, from https://constructionreviewonline.com/2017/11/kenya-starts-upgrade-program-boost-construction-in dustry

    Google Scholar 

  • Baah, A. Y., & Jauch, H. (2009). Chinese investments in Africa. In A. Y. Baah & H. Jauch (Eds.), Chinese investment in Africa: A labor perspective (pp. 35‒84). Windhoek: African Labor Research Network.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baah-Boateng, W. (2016). Developing youth skills for employment. African Center for Economic Transformation (ACET). Retrieved January 20, 2018, from http://acetforafrica.org/acet/wp-content/uploads/publications/2016/03/Developing-Youth-Skills-P aper.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramanian, K. (2018). Skills for development: Paradigm shift. Presented at the 20th Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers, Nadi, Fiji. February 22, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barthel, F., Witthöft, S., Baic, A., & Strack, R. (March 14, 2016). Bridging the skills gaps in developing countries: Practical guide for private-sector companies. The Boston Consulting Group. (BCG). Retrieved February 11, 2018, from https://www.bcg.com/publications/2016/bridging-the-skills-gap-in-developing-countries.aspx

    Google Scholar 

  • Bashir, S. (2015). The imperative of skills development for structural transformation of sub-Saharan Africa: Potential for China-World Bank-Africa collaboration. World Bank Working Paper. Washington DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22380

    Google Scholar 

  • Bound, K., Saunders, T., Wilsdon, J., & Adams, J. (2013). China’s absorptive state: Research, innovation and the prospects for China-UK collaboration. Project Report. Nesta, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brannen, M. Y., & Doz, Y. L. (2012). Corporate language and strategic agility: Trapped in your jargon or lost in translation? California Management Review, 54(3), 77–97. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2012.54.3.77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brautigam, D. (2009). The dragon’s gift: The real story of China in Africa. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brautigam, D., & Tang, X. Y. (2011). African Shenzhen: China’s Special Economic Zones in Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 49(1), 27–54. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X10000649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breeze, V., Moore, N. (June 28, 2017). China tops US and UK as destination for Anglophone African students. The conversation. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from https://theconversation.com/china-tops-us-and-uk-as-destination-for-anglophone-african-students-78967

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, L. (2004). Youth at risk: The role of skills development in facilitating the transition to work. Skills Working Paper 19. International Labor Organization, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Asian and African Affairs, Department of International Cooperation and Exchange, Ministry of Education of China. (2012). 新世纪中国与非洲教育交流与合作的回顾与展 望 [Retrospect and prospect on China-Africa educational exchanges and cooperation in the new century]. In H. M. Zhang (Ed.). 非洲发展报告 [Annual report on development in Africa] (pp. 69−76). Beijing, China: Social Sciences Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai, F., & Wang, D. W. (2005). China’s demographic transition: Implications for growth. In R. Garnaut & L. G. Song (Eds.), The China boom and its discontents (pp. 34‒52). Canberra, Australia: ANU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chanakira, M. (2010). The impact of Chinese investment in telecommunications industry in Africa. ResearchGate. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from www.researchgate.net/publication/298351436_THE_IMPACT_OF_CHINESE_INVESTMENT_IN_TELECOM MUNICATIONS_INDUSTRY_IN_AFRICA

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. G., & Xie, L. G. (2010). 走进国际化: 中外教育交流与合作研究 [Approaching nationalization: Research on international exchange and cooperation of education in China]. Guangzhou, China: Guangdong Education Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., & Zhang, J. (2015). 千年发展目标的中国贡献 未来更关注消除贫困和共同发展 [China’s contribution for the MDGs future focus on poverty reduction and common development]. 中国社会科学报 [Chinese Social Sciences Today]. February 9, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2018 from http://www.cssn.cn/index/index_focus/201502/t20150209_1509650.shtml

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, L. K., Qiu, L. D., & Tan, G. F. (2005). Foreign direct investment and international trade in a continuum Ricardian trade model. Journal of International Economics, 77, 477–501. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2004.05.007

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S., & Liang, G. (May 6, 2011). Social responsibility of Chinese investment in Africa: What does it mean for EU-China cooperation on development policy towards Africa? Retrieved November 11, 2018, from http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/trade-negotiationsinsights/news/social-responsibility-of-chinese-investment-in-africa

    Google Scholar 

  • China Africa Education Cooperation Group. (2005). 中国与非洲国家教育合作与交流 [China Africa educational cooperation and exchange]. Beijing, China: Peking University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation. (2017). China-Africa trade and economic relationship, annual report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cissé, D. (2012). Chinese telecom companies foray into Africa. African East Asian Affairs. Retrieved July 8, 2018, from file://D://Documents/Downloads/94-99-1-PB%20(1).pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Corkin, L., Burke, C., & Davis, M. (2008). China’s role in the development of Africa’s infrastructure. Center for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University. SAIS Working Papers in African Studies 04-08.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Economic and Social Affairs of United Nations. (2015). World population projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050. Retrieved July 17, 2018, from www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/2015-report.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehizuelen, M. M. O. (September 7, 2018). Partners walking towards prosperity. China Daily. Retrieved September 22, 2018, from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/07/WS5b91ba94a31033b4f4654b19.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Elebeke, E. (July 22, 2014). FG says no going back on women in ICT training. Vanguard. Retrieved April 14, 2018, from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/07/fg-says-goingback-women-ict-training/

    Google Scholar 

  • EOM, J. (2018). Chinese manufacturing moves to Rwanda: A study of training at C&H Garments. Working Paper No. 2018/18. China Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, John Hopkins University Washngton, DC. Retrieved June 11, 2018, from https://www.sais-cari-org/publication

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst & Young Africa. (EY). (2015). EY’s attractiveness survey Africa 2015: Making choices. Retrieved May 16, 2018, from https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-africaattractiveness-survey-2015-making-choices/$FILE/EY-africa-attractiveness-survey-2015-m aking-choices.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. (FOCAC). (2012). The Fifth Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Beijing Action Plan (2013−2015). Retrieved August 25, 2018, from http://www.focac.org/chnzxxx/t12846658.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. (FOCAC). (2015). The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Johannesburg Action Plan (2016−2018). Retrieved September 11, 2018, from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1323159.shtml

    Google Scholar 

  • Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. (FOCAC). (2018). Kenya roots for partnership with China to enhance skills upgrade for youth. FOCAC Archives. Retrieved August 20, 2018, from www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/eng/zxxx/t1546847.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, C. P. (2015). (Ed). Handbook on China and developing countries. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gandhi, D. (2017). Figures on the week: Workforce training and skills constraints in sub-Saharan Africa. Brookings Institute. Retrieved August 10, 2018, from https://www.brookings.edu/bog/africa-in-focus/2017/10/19/figures-of-the-week-workforce-training-andskills-constraints-in-sub-saharan-africa/

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, S. (2001). South-South transfer: A study of Sino-African exchange. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harzing, A-W., & Feely, A. J. (2008). The language barrier and its implications for HQ-subsidiary relationships. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 15(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600810848827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harzing, A-W., Koster, K., & Magner, U. (2011). Babel in business: The language barrier and its solutions in the HQ-subsidiary relationship. Journal of World Business, 46(3), 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2010.07.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haugen, H. Ø. (2013). China’s recruitment of African university students: Policy efficacy and unintended outcomes. Globalisation, Societies and education, 11(3), 315–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2012.750492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, W. P. (2007). 中非教育交流与合作概述——发展阶段及未来挑战 [A summary analysis of China-Africa educational exchanges and cooperation: Development phases and challenges]. 西亚非洲 [West Asia and Africa], (3), 13−18.

    Google Scholar 

  • H uawei Investment. (2013). Bridging the digital divide. Huawei investment. 2013 sustainability report. Retrieved August 17, 2018, from file/D:/Docuents/Downloads/Bridging%20the%20Digital%20Divide.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • International Labour Office. (ILO). (2010). A skilled workforce for strong, sustainable and balanced growth: A G20 training strategy. Geneva: International Labour Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Labor Office. (ILO). (2015a). Skills mismatch and underemployment: How to boost employability of young women and men in Egypt. Success stories & lessons learned from ILO Interventions 2014/2015. International Labor Organization. Geneva. Retrieved June 11, 2018, from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—africa/—ro-addis_ababa/—sro-airo/documents/publication/wcms_499397.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • International Labor Office. (ILO). (2015b). Global employment trends for youth 2015: Scaling up investment in decent jobs for youth. International Labor Organization, Geneva. Retrieved August 13, 2018, from www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/youth/2015/lang—en/index.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Information Office of the State Council. (2014). China’s foreign aid, Beijing. Retrieved August 29, 2018, from http://www.gov.cn/english2010/china/2011-04/21/Content_1849913.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayaram, K., Kassiri, O., & Sun, I. Y. (2017). The closet look yet at Chinese economic engagement in Africa. McKinsey Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. W., & Ruffin, R. J. (2008). The technology transfer paradox. Journal of International Economics, 75(2), 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2007.08.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ketema, M., Xu, J. L., & Li, Q. (2009). 探究中国与非洲教育合作:以非洲视角 [The research on educational cooperation between China and Africa: An African perspective]. 外 国教育研究 [Studies in Foreign Education], 36(1), 50–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, K. (2013). China’s aid and soft power in Africa: The case of education and training. Woodbridge, Canada: James Currey; Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, A. S. (2016). Technology transfer in China-Africa relation: Myth or reality, Transnational Corporations Review, 8(3), 183–219. doi:10.1080/19186444 2016.1233718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, A. S. (2018). African students in China: Research, reality, and reflection. African Studies Quarterly, 17(4), 5–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. (2016). Industrialization for a sustainable future. Inter Press Service News Agency. Retrieved February 14, 2017, from http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/09/industrializationfor-a-sustainable-future/

    Google Scholar 

  • Liimatainen, M. (2002). Training and skills acquisition in the informal sector: A literature review. Working Paper 9, In Focus Programme on Skills, Knowledge, and Employability, Informal Economy Series, International Labor Organization, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H. F. (2017). 中国对非留学生奖学金政策沿革与绩效研究 [A study on the evolution and effect of China’s scholarship policy towards African students]. 中国非洲研究评论 [Annual Review of African Studies in China], 5, 141–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H. F., & Li, A. S. (2014). Evolution of the Chinese policy of funding African students and an evaluation of its effectiveness. Draft of UNDP Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H. F., & Monson, J. (2011). Railway time: Technology transfer and the role of Chinese experts in the history of TAZARA. In T. Dietz, K. Havnevik, M. Kaag, T. Oestigaard & T. Dietz, (Eds.), African engagements: Africa negotiating an emerging multipolar World (pp. 226−251). Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, C. M. (2010). Dinâmicas do associativismo na economia informal: Os transportes de passageiros em Angola [Dynamics of associationism in informal economy: Transports of passengers in Angola.]. Análise Social [Social Analysis], 45(195), 367–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lou. S. Z., & Xu, H. (2012). 新时期中非教育合作的发展与转型[The development and transition of China-Africa educational cooperation in the new period]. 教育研究 [Educational Research], (10), 28−33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y., & Shenkar, O. (2006). The multinational corporation as a multilingual community: Language and organization in a global context. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maclean, D. (2006). Beyond English: Transnational corporations and the strategic management of language in a complex multilingual business environment. Management Decision, 44(10), 1377–1390. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740610715704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marschan-Piekkari, R., Welch, D., & Welch, L. (1999). In the shadow: The impact of language on structure, power and communication in the multinational. International Business Review, 8(4), 421–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(99)00015-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Finance of Angola. (MOF). (2007). Anexos Linha China II Semestre 2007 [Annexes Linha China II Semester]. Retrieved December 28, 2017, from http: www.minfin.gv.ao/docs/dspProjGov.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China. (MOFA). (2006). China’s African policy. Retrieved July 30, 2018, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/misc/2006-10/19/content_5224856.htm/

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Commerce of China. (MOC). (2015). The interpretations of the Johannesburg Summit of the FOCAC and the Sixth Ministerial Conference on the 10 major China-Africa cooperation plans in economic and trade domains. Retrieved July 28, 2018, from http://www.englishmofcom.gov.cn/article/policyrelease/Cocoon/201512/20151201219036.s html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moghalu, C. K. (2018). Emerging Africa: How the global economy’s “Last frontier” can prosper and matter. The Guardian. Retrieved August 10, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/global-developm-Ent/2014/aug/04/Africa-fallen-behind-economies-scienc e-technology

    Google Scholar 

  • Niu, C. S. (2014). 教育援助与国际社会责任——中日在非援建学校项目的案例比较 [Asian Education aid and international social responsibility: A comparative case study on school construction projects in Africa by China and Japan]. 比较教育研究 [Comparative Education Review], (5), 6−11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordtveit, B. H. (2011). An emerging donor in education and development: A case of China in Cameroon. International Journal of Educational Development, 31(2), 99–108. doi:10.1016/j-ijedudev.2010.01.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oketch, M., & Lolwana, P. (2017). Technical and vocational education and training in Sub-Saharan Africa: The missing middle in post-school education. SSOAR, W. Bertelsmann Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (OECD). (2012). Better skills, better jobs, better lives: A strategic approach to skills policies. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264177338-en

    Google Scholar 

  • Otenyo, E. E. (2017). Trade unions and the age of information and communication technology in Kenya. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Power Water Cooperation. (PwC). (2015). The world in 2050: Will the shift in global economic power continue? Retrieved June 13, 2018, from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/the-economy/assets/world-in-2050-february-2015.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, R. W., & Dutta, A. (1995). Skill acquisition and human performance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reilly, J. (2015). The role of China as an education aid donor. Paper Commissioned for the EFA Global Monitoring Report 2015, Education for All 2000‒2015: Achievement and challenges. Retrieved December 30, 2017, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002324/232475e.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuter. (2010). Congo Republic hails successful Dam Turbine test. Retrieved August 17, 2018, from https://www.reuters.com/article/ozabs-congo-republic-dam-20100129-idAFJOE60S0HW20 100129

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruffin, R. J., & Jones, R. W. (2007). International technology transfer: Who gains and who lose? Review of International Economics, 15(2), 209–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2007.00644.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, P. (2001). The school-to-work transition: A cross-national perspective. Journal of Economic Literature, 39(1), 34–92. doi: 10.1257/jel.39.1.34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samman, E., & Watkins, K. (2017). Africa’s opportunity: Reshaping the early harvest of the demographic transition and ensuring no one is left behind. Overseas Development Institute (ODI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, G., & Claude, K. (Eds). (2012). Win-win partnership? China, Southern Africa and the extractive industries. Johannesburg: Southern Africa Watch Southern Africa Resource Watch.invenio.unidep.org/invenio/record/18653/files/china-africa_web_sarw_0.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Strack, R., Baier, J., Marchingo, M., & Sharda, S. (July 2, 2014). The global workforce crisis: US$10 Trillion at risk. The Boston Consulting Group. (BCG). Retrieved May 19, 2018, from https://www.bcg.com/publications/2014/people-organization-human-resources-global-work force-crisis.aspx

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, I. Y., Jayaram, K., Kassiri, O. (2017). Dance of the lions and dragons: How are Africans and China engaging, and how will the partnership evolve? McKinsey & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tambo, E., Ugwu, C. E., Guan, Y. Y., Wei, D., Xiao, N., & Zhou, X. N. (2016). China-Africa health development initiatives: Benefits and implications for shaping innovative and evidence-informed national health policies and programs in sub-Saharan African countries. International Journal of MCH and Aids, 5(2), 119–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, X. Y. (2016). Does Chinese employment benefit Africans? Investigating Chinese enterprise and their operations in Africa. African Studies Quarterly, 16(3−4), 107−128.

    Google Scholar 

  • The African Development Bank. (AfDB). (2013). African development report 2011. OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199587162.

    Google Scholar 

  • The African Development Bank. (AfDB). (2018). African economic outlook. Retrieved October 20, 2018, from https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/

    Google Scholar 

  • The China-Africa Research Institute. (CARI). (2018). Is China Winning the (hearts and) Minds of African Students? China in Africa: The Real Story. The China-Africa Research Initiative. Retrieved November 18, 2018, from www.chinaafricarealstory.com/2018/05/is-chinawinning-hearts-and-minds-of.html

    Google Scholar 

  • The Chinafrica Project. (2018). How Chinese Engagement is helping Kenya to overcome educational challenges. Retrieved September 12, 2018, from https://chinafricaproject.com/china-kenya-education-non-profit-huawei-skills-transfer/

    Google Scholar 

  • The State Council. (2010). Outline of China’s national plan for medium-and long-term education reform and development (2010‒2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsui, B. (2016). Do Huawei’s training programs and centers transfer skills to Africa? China-Africa Research Initiative, John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Policy Brief. No14/2016. United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • (UNESCO). (2017). Technical and vocational education and training. Retrieved February 19, 2018, from www.unesco.org/new/en/dakar/education/technical-and-vocational-education-and-training

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2015). World population prospects: The 2015 revision. United Nations Population Division. Retrieved July 25, 2018, from https://esa.un.org/undp/wpp/publications/files/key_Findings_wpp_2015.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagle, S., & Paudel, R. (2014). FDI flows into sub-Saharan African from traditional and emerging sources: Recent trends and patterns. Science, Technology, and Skills for African’s Development. World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2012). Chinese FDI in Ethiopia: A World Bank survey. Retrieved April 10, 2018, from https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/26772

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2014). FDI flows into Sub-Saharan African from traditional and emerging sources: Recent trends and patterns. Science, Technology, and Skills for African’s Development. Retrieved January 20, 2018, from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/505071468203651135/pdf/860600BRI0WB0H00Box382147B00PUBLIC0.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, K. (2013). Too little access, not enough learning: Africa’s twin deficit in education. Brookings Institute. Retrieved September 10, 2018, from https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/too-little-access-not-enough-learning-africas-twin-deficit-in-education/

    Google Scholar 

  • Wonacott, P. (May 14, 2014). China Inc. moves factory floor to Africa. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 12, 2018, from https://www.marketwatch.com/story/china-inc-movesfactory-floor-to-africa-2014-05-14-20485725

    Google Scholar 

  • World Economic Forum. (WEF). (2014). Matching skills and labor needs: building social partnerships for better skills and better jobs. World Economic Forum. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from www3.weforum.org/docs/GAC/2014/WEF_GAC_Employment_Matching SkillsLabourMarket_Report_2014.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • World Economic Forum. (WEF). (2017). The future of jobs and skills in Africa: Preparing the region for the fourth industrial revolution. Executive Briefing. Retrieved September 15, 2018, from www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EGW_FOJ_Africa.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Xinhuanet. (2015). China’s second Africa policy paper. Retrieved September 13, 2018, from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-12/04/c_134886545.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, S. (2016), Post-education-for-all and sustainable development paradigm: Structural changes with diversifying actors and norms (International perspectives on education and society, Vol. 29). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, I. S. (2017). The world’s next great manufacturing center. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved July 19, 2018, from https://hbr.org/2017/05/he-worlds-next-great-manufacturingcenter

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, I. S., & Lin, Q (2017). Creating a market for skills transfer: A case study of AVIC International’s skills transfer programs in Kenya. Working Paper No.2017/14. China Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, John Hopkins University, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, T. T. (2015). “Teaching to fish” rather than “giving a fish”: Is China contributing to the global sustainable futures? Liverpool Hope University, UK. Retrieved November 18, 2018, from hira.hope.ac.uk/id/eprint/1091/1/Yuan,%20T.%20Teaching%20to%20fish.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Zafar, A. (2007). The growing relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic, trade, investment and aid links. The World Bank Research Observer, 22(1), 103–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, T. S. (1999). 友谊之路: 援建坦赞铁路纪实 [Friendship road: A report on the construction of Tanzania-Zambia Railway]. Beijing, China: China Economic and Foreign Trade Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziderman, A. (2003). Financing vocational training in Sub-Saharan Africa. Africa Region Human Development Series. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Nigerian Studies, Institute of African Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China

    Michael Mitchell Omoruyi Ehizuelen

Authors
  1. Michael Mitchell Omoruyi Ehizuelen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Mitchell Omoruyi Ehizuelen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ehizuelen, M.M.O. Education and Skills Development in China-Africa Cooperation. Front Educ China 13, 553–600 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11516-018-0030-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11516-018-0030-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation