Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Hiroshima and Nagasaki as models of city diplomacy

  • Special Feature: Original Article
  • The Sustainability–Peace Nexus in the Context of Global Change
  • Published:
Sustainability Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mayors worldwide are currently actively engaged in transnationally coordinated efforts to address climate change, pandemics, terrorism, and other global challenges, and a significant amount of scholarly attention has been paid to this development in the fields of international relations, urban studies, and security studies. Yet, curiously, the pioneering work of the mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in their Mayors for Peace campaign and other related efforts to promote a vision of a world without nuclear weapons since the 1970s has scarcely been examined in city diplomacy research. Drawing largely on archival research in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, this article addresses one of the key issues in the field—the legitimacy of city diplomacy. How do mayors justify the use of the limited resources at their city hall’s disposal for a global campaign associated with a policy goal that is beyond their jurisdiction? In the defense and security fields, where national leaders are the primary policymakers and deciders, this question of legitimacy is especially acute. The cases of Hiroshima and Nagasaki’s city diplomacy for the elimination of nuclear weapons are no exception, despite the fact that their legitimacy has often been taken for granted given the two cities’ unique historical experience. The mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have consistently, and at times jointly and at times separately, sought to establish their legitimacy locally, nationally, and internationally. Their city diplomacy since the 1970s has successively revealed several different registers of legitimacy. Each register of legitimacy—enacted through cooperation with the national government; confrontation with the national government; and collaboration with cities, nongovernmental organizations, and individuals outside Japan, respectively—is relational and has entailed distinctively spatiotemporal reconfigurations. While city diplomacy researchers have persuasively argued that the emergence of city diplomacy is emblematic of the structural transformation of the world order in which actors and issues are not simply local, national, or global, the cases of Hiroshima and Nagasaki’s city diplomacy serve as a reminder that the legitimacy of city diplomacy demands consistent relational recalibration through which the current world order is reimagined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. By deploying the concept of “remembrance diplomacy,” Klockmann has sought to draw attention to diplomatic efforts by the mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to “institutionalize their collective memory of the nuclear bombings” within the UN frameworks for nuclear disarmament (Klockmann 2018: 523).

  2. Sarah Lister’s (2003) investigation of issues entailed in the legitimacy of nongovernmental organizations and Verena Girschik’s (2020) analysis of the legitimacy of corporate efforts to catalyze social change have also shown that legitimacy demands consistent relational reconfiguration, involving realignment of both internal and external relations.

  3. Mayors are, of course, not new actors in international relations. Since at least the 1950s, numerous sister-city arrangements across the globe have fostered cultural exchange, business linkages, and other mutually beneficial citizen-to-citizen relationships (see, e.g., Menju 2018; Oda 2017; O’Toole 2001; Zelinsky 1991; see also Jain 2005 for a historical overview of local and regional governments’ international relations).

  4. In this context, Mark Suchman has defined legitimacy as “a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions” (1995: 574).

  5. In studies of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the roles the mayors and city officials have played in anti-nuclear activism in the two cities have been largely taken for granted, treated as somewhat tangential to more grassroots citizen-level activism, and ironically have escaped sustained and rigorous analytical attention (see, e.g., Diehl 2014, 2018; Miyamoto 2012; Otsuki 2016; Southard 2016; Yoneyama 1995; Zwigenberg 2014). While there are many official reports and publications about municipal peace promotion work in the two cities, little scholarly attention has been paid to the specificity of this work (see Kawaguchi 2011; Klockmann 2018; Matsunaga 2012; Yabui 1992 for notable exceptions).

  6. http://www.mayorsforpeace.org/english/.

  7. “Hiroshima, Nagasaki urge state to sign, ratify U.N. nuke ban treaty,” Kyodo News, November 2020, https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/11/6750bca479ab-hiroshima-nagasaki-urge-state-to-sign-ratify-un-nuke-ban-treaty.html.

  8. See https://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/#/; http://gikai.city.hiroshima.jp/voices/; and http://www.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.dbsr.jp/index.php/, respectively.

  9. Mayor Araki had the Hiroshima Peace Culture Center incorporated as a foundation. Today, the foundation, chaired by the mayor of the city, operates the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum and executes a broad range of local and international peace education and promotion activities in close coordination with the mayor’s office and the city hall’s Peace Promotion Division. The foundation also serves as the secretariat for the Mayors for Peace campaign.

  10. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs provided Mayor Araki with extensive logistical support. In particular, Genichi Akatani, a Ministry of Foreign Affairs official, who was serving as the Assistant Secretary General of the Office of Public Information at the UN at the time, served as an intermediary between the Hiroshima mayor’s office and the UN and was able to arrange the meeting with Secretary-General Kurt Josef Waltheim. The Ministry also coordinated various meetings between the mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and ambassadors to the UN from countries with nuclear weapons as well as from countries that opposed nuclear weapons (Hiroshima City and Nagasaki City 1977: 70–71; see also Klockmann 2018: 526).

  11. For a summary of resolutions by the National Diet of Japan related to the three non-nuclear principles, see the following Ministry of Foreign Affairs site: https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/kaku/gensoku/ketsugi.html, accessed, January 26, 2021.

  12. The stated purposes of the foundation, established with Mayor Motoshima as its first president, reflected the philosophy of peace articulated by the foundation’s first chairperson, Dr. Tatsuichiro Akizuki: “Let us be united around one big common cause while keeping small differences of opinions alive” (shoi wo nokoshite daido ni atsumaru), a clever and consequential rephrasing of a Japanese saying, “Let’s set aside differences of opinions so that we may join a common cause” (shoi wo haishite daido ni tsuku) (Akizuki 1983: 2; my translation). The common goal here was the abolition of nuclear weapons. By the late 1970s, Dr. Akizuki, a medical doctor widely known for his heroic rescue work following the bombing, had emerged as the unifying force of Nagasaki’s fragmentary anti-nuclear movement during the 1970s (Yamashita 2006). It is commonly understood in Nagasaki that his inclusive philosophy of peace was anchored in his bitter experience of earlier ideological divisions within the anti-nuclear movement.

  13. Annual commemorative ceremonies took several different forms prior to the 1950s. Initially, ceremonies focused on the commemoration of the victims of the bombings and were organized by a consortium of the city hall, private associations, and religious organizations. These annual ceremonies became official events of the two cities in the 1950s. See Fukuda (2014), Nagasaki City (1996: 411), Ubuki (1992, 2014a: 149–150).

  14. “Nagasaki heiwa sengen, 1981” (Nagasaki peace declaration for 1981), https://nagasakipeace.jp/japanese/appeal/history/1981.html; accessed, August 29, 2020; my translation.

  15. “Nagasaaki heiwa sengen, 1990” (Nagasaki peace declaration for 1990), https://nagasakipeace.jp/japanese/appeal/history/1990.html; accessed, August 29, 2020. See also Tachibana (1995).

  16. See, e.g., Question by Toyokazu Ihara, Proceedings of the 4th Ordinary Meeting of 1994, Nagasaki City Council, September 12, 1994, http://www.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.dbsr.jp/index.php/9671948?Template=doc-one-frame&VoiceType=onehit&DocumentID=35; accessed, September 2, 2020.

  17. See, e.g., "Hibaku 50-shunen, Nagasaki no kao erabi wa konsen moyo" (Candidates appear locked in a tight race for the face of Nagasaki for the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing). Asahi Shimbun (Seibu edition), February 15, 1995.

  18. “Kaku no osoroshisa Kokusaishihosai de uttae e: Hiroshima, Nagasaski Mayors” (The Mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to make statements about the horrors of nuclear weapons at the International Court of Justice). Asahi Shimbun, October 14, 1995.

  19. “Nagasaki-shicho, yureta Kokusaishihosai no kaku jinjutsu-an” (Nagasaki Mayor’s draft of his ICJ statement on nuclear weapons went through several revisions). Asahi Shimbun (Seibu edition), November 6, 1995.

  20. Mayor Ito also established an advisory committee on nuclear policy.

  21. See "Heiwa Shucho Kaigi kameitoshi su no suii (nenbetsu)" (Table showing the year-by-year increase in the number of Mayor for Peace member cities), May 1, 2021, http://www.mayorsforpeace.org/data/01_monthly_updating/05_membershipgrowth_all_jp.pdf; and "Mayors for Peace membership has exceeded its target of 5000," September 16, 2011, http://www.mayorsforpeace.org/data/03_newmembers/2011/110916_5000cities_en.pdf.

  22. Statement by Tomihisa Taue, Mayor of Nagasaki, Proceedings of the 4th Ordinary Meeting of 2010, Nagasaki City Council, September 9, 2010, http://www.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.dbsr.jp/index.php/8035907?Template=doc-oneframe&VoiceType=onehit&DocumentID=502.

  23. Statement by Tomihisa Taue, Mayor of Nagasaki, Proceedings of the 4th Ordinary Meeting of 2010; Nagasaki City Council, September 14, 2010, http://www.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.dbsr.jp/index.php/1411378?Template=doc-one-frame&VoiceType=onehit&DocumentID=505; accessed, January 26, 2021; my translation.

  24. Statement by Kazuya Okubo, Head, Peace Promotion Division, Proceedings of the Meeting of the Committee on Education and Welfare, Nagasaki City Council, March 7, 2018, http://www.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.dbsr.jp/index.php/4580556?Template=doc-one-frame&VoiceType=onehit&VoiceID=178079; accessed, January 26, 2021.

  25. Some of these factual details about the Nagasaki Peace Correspondent Program were provided by current and former staff of the Peace Promotion Division of the Nagasaki City Hall in August 2020.

References

  • Acuto M (2013a) City leadership in global governance. Glob Gov 19:481–498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acuto M (2013b) Global cities, governance, and diplomacy: the urban link. Routledge, Abingdon

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Acuto M (2013c) The new climate leaders? Rev Int Stud 39(4):835–857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acuto M, Rayner S (2016) City networks: breaking gridlocks or forging (new) lock-ins? Int Aff 92:1147–1166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acuto M, Decramer H, Kerr J, Klaus I, Tabory S, Toly N (2018) Toward city diplomacy: assessing capacity in select global cities. Chicago Council on Global Affairs, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Akiba T (2003) City mayors on the march. Hiroshima leading citizen campaign to ban nuclear weapons. IAEA Bull 45:38–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Akiba T (2012) Hiroshima shicho: “kokka” kara “toshi” no jidai e (The mayor of Hiroshima: from the era of nation-states to an era of cities). Asahi Shimbun-shuppan, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Akiba T (2015) Hofuku de naku wakai wo: Hiroshima kara sekai e (Reconciliation, not retaliation: a message to the world from Hiroshima). Iwanami-shoten, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Akizuki T (1983) “Heiwa no kangae wa habahiroku”: konogoro omou koto (“Keep our approach to peace broad”: my current thoughts). Nagasaki Heiwasuishin Kyokai Kaiho (Nagasaki Foundation for the Promotion of Peace Newsletter) 1:3

  • Aldecoa F, Keating M (1999) Paradiplomacy in action: the foreign relations of subnational governments. Frank Cass Publishers, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Alger CF (2011) Searching for democratic potential in emerging global governance: what are the implications of regional and global involvements of local governments? Int J Peace Stud 16:1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Amen MM, Toly NJ, McCarney PL, Segbers K (eds) (2011) Cities and global governance: new sites for international relations. Ashgate, Surrey

    Google Scholar 

  • Amiri S, Sevin E (eds) (2020) City diplomacy: current trends and future prospects. Palgrave Macmillan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Araki T (1986) Hiroshima wo sekai e (Taking Hiroshima to the world). Gyosei, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber BR (2013) If mayors ruled the world: dysfunctional nations, rising cities. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouteligier S (2013) Cities, networks, and global environmental governance: spaces of innovation, places of leadership. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis S (2011) Global cities and the transformation of the international system. Rev Int Stud 37(4):1923–1947

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis S (ed) (2014a) The power of cities in international relations. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis S (2014b) The meaning of global cities: rethinking the relationship between cities, states, and international order”. In: Curtis S (ed) The power of cities in international relations. Routledge, New York, pp 16–31

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis S (2016) Cities and global governance: state failure or a new global order? Millennium J Int Stud 44:455–477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl CR (2014) Envisioning Nagasaki: from “atomic wasteland” to “international cultural city”, 1945–1950. Urban History 41:497–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl CR (2018) Resurrecting Nagasaki: reconstruction and the formation of atomic narratives. Cornell University Press, Ithaca

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Field N (1993) In the realm of a dying emperor. Vintage Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortun K (2001) Advocacy after Bhopal: environmentalism, disaster, new global orders. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda Y (2014) Transition of rituals in the Nagasaki City atomic bomb memorial ceremony. Int J Jpn Sociol 24:78–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Girschik V (2020) Managing legitimacy in business-driven social change: the role of relational work. J Manage Stud 57(4):775–804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon D (2016) The politics of accountability in networked urban climate governance. Glob Environ Polit 16:82–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon D (2020) Cities on the world stage: the politics of global urban climate governance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon D, Johnson CA (2018) City-networks, global climate governance, and the road to 1.5° C. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 30:35–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Group of Eminent Persons for Sustainable Advancement of Nuclear Disarmament (2019) Chair’s report for the 2020 review process for the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Japanese Government Ministry of Foreign Affairs. https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/000529774.pdf

  • Hamai S (2011 [1967]) Genbaku shicho: Yomigaetta toshi, fukko eno kiseki (The atomic bomb mayor: a revived city, the trajectory of its recovery). Shifuto purojekuto, Hiroshima

  • Herrschel T, Newman P (2017) Cities as international actors: Urban and regional governance beyond the nation state. Palgrave, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano N (2012) Motoshima Hitoshi no shiso: genbaku, senso, humanizumu (Thoughts of Hitoshi Motoshima: the atomic bomb, the war, humanism). Nagasaki Shimbun-sha, Nagasaki

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiraoka T (1996) Kibo no Hiroshima: Shicho wa uttaeru (Hiroshima’s hope: an appeal from the mayor). Iwanami-shoten, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiroshima City, Nagasaki City (1977) Kokuren homon repoto 1976 (Report on the visit to the United Nations, 1976). Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki

  • Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation (1997) Hiroshima Heiwa Bunka Senta 20-nenshi (20 years of the Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation). Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation, Hiroshima

    Google Scholar 

  • Imahori S (1974) Gensuikin kinshi undo (The movement to ban atomic and hydrogen bombs). Ushio-shuppan, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain P (2005) Japan’s subnational governments in international affairs. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawaguchi T (2011) Chihojichitai no hikakusengen: 1980 nendai wo chushinni (Nuclear-free zone declarations: developments during the 1980s). Shagakuken-ronshu 17: 43–57.

  • Keck ME, Sikkink K (1998) Activists beyond borders: advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press, Ithaca

    Google Scholar 

  • Klockmann JB (2018) Remembrance diplomacy by the mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the UN, 1976–2015. Int Hist Rev 40:523–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leffel B (2018) Animus of the underling: theorizing city diplomacy in a world society. Hague J Dipl 13:502–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin J (2018) Transnational urban climate governance via networks: the case of C40. Governing climate change: global cities and transnational lawmaking. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 105–126

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lister S (2003) NGO legitimacy: technical issue or social construct? Crit Anthropol 23(2):175–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungkvist K (2014) The global city: from strategic site to global actor”. In: Curtis S (ed) The power of cities in international relations. Routledge, New York, pp 32–56

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungkvist K (2021) Toward an urban security research agenda in IR. J Glob Secur Stud 6(2):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogaa019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsunaga T (1989) Nagasaki yo sekai e: Moto Genbaku Shiryokan kancho no kaiso (Nagasaki on the world stage: A memoir of a former director of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum). Matsunaga Terumasa, Nagasaki

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsunaga S (2012) Hibakuchi niyoru heiwakyokiku no torikumi: (Kozai) Nagasaki Heiwa Suishin Kyokai no katsudo wo chushin ni (Peace education at an atomic bombed city: the case of the Nagasaki Foundation for the Promotion of Peace). Saitamagakuen Daigaku Kiyo: Ningengakubuhen (Saitama-gakuen University Faculty of Human Sciences) 12:101–112

  • Menju T (2018) Shimai toshi no chosen: kokusai koryu wa gaiko o koeru ka (The challenge of sisters cities: can international exchange go beyond public diplomacy? Akashi-shoten, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Merry SE (2006) Human rights and gender violence: translating international law into local justice. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto Y (2012) Beyond the mushroom cloud: commemoration, religion, and responsibility after Hiroshima. Fordham University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Musch A, Chris van der Valk C, Sizoo A, Tajbakhsh K (2008) City diplomacy: the role of local government in conflict prevention, peace-building, post-conflict reconstruction. VNG International, The Hague

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagasaki City (1980) Genbakuhibaku Taisakubu gyomu gaiyo (An outline of the work of the Department of Atomic Bomb Survivors Affairs). Nagasaki City, Nagasaki

  • Nagasaki City (1996) Nagasaki genbaku hibaku 50 nenshi (50 years after the atomic bombing of Nagasaki). Nagasaki City, Nagasaki

  • Nagasaki City (2013) Shin Nagasaki-shi shi (A new history of Nagasaki City), vol 4. Nagasaki City, Nagasaki

  • Nagasaki City (2020) Genbakuhibaku Taisakubu gyomu gaiyo (An outline of the work of the Department of Atomic Bomb Survivors Affairs). Nagasaki City, Nagasaki

  • Nemoto M (2018) Hiroshima paradokusu: sengo Nihon no hankaku to jindoishiki (Hiroshima paradox: anti-nuclear and humanistic consciousness in post-war Japan). Bensei-shuppan, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Oda M (2017) Masculinizing Japan and reorienting San Francisco: the Osaka-San Francisco sister-city affiliation during the early Cold War. Dipl Hist 41:460–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Oe K (1981[1965]) Hiroshima notes. Swain DL, Yonezawa T (trans). Marion Boyars, New York

  • Okuda H (2010) Genbaku no kioku: Hiroshima/Nagasaki no shiso (Memories of the atomic bombs: ideas of Hiroshima/Nagasaki). Keio Gijuku Daigaku-shuppankai, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Toole K (2001) Kokusaika and internationalisation: Australian and Japanese sister city type relationships. Aust J Int Aff 55:403–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otsuki T (2016) Reinventing Nagasaki: the Christianization of Nagasaki and the revival of an imperial legacy in postwar Japan. Inter-Asia Cult Stud 17:395–415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport E, Acuto M, Grcheva L (2019) Leading cities: a global review of city leadership. UCL Press, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Riles A (2001) The network inside out. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassen S (1991) The global city: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Schregel S (2015) Nuclear war and the city: perspectives on municipal interventions in defence (Great Britain, New Zealand, West Germany, USA, 1980–1985). Urban Hist 42(4):564–583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott AJ (ed) (2001) Global city-regions: trends, theory, policy. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Shibata Y (2018) Producing Hiroshima and Nagasaki: literature, film, and transnational politics. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Southard, S (2016) Nagasaki: life after nuclear war. Penguin, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Suchman M (1995) Managing legitimacy: strategic and institutional approaches. Acad Manag Rev 20(3):571–610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tachibana S (1995) The quest for a peace culture: the A-bomb survivors’ long struggle and the new movement for redressing foreign victims of Japan’s war. Dipl Hist 19:329–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tavares R (2016) Paradiplomacy: cities and states as global players. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Toly N (2008) Transnational municipal networks in climate politics: from global governance to global politics. Globalizations 3(4):341–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ubuki S (1992) Heiwa Kinen Shikiten no ayumi (A history of the peace memorial ceremony). Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation, Hiroshima

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubuki S (2014a) Peace administration. In: “Hiroshima for Global Peace” Plan Joint Project Executive Committee (ed) Learning from Hiroshima’s reconstruction experience: reborn from the ashes, Hiroshima Reconstruction and Peacebuilding Research Project, vol. 1, Hiroshima Prefecture and the City of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, pp 147–155

  • Ubuki S (2014b) Peace movements. In: “Hiroshima for Global Peace” Plan Joint Project Executive Committee (ed) Learning from Hiroshima’s reconstruction experience: reborn from the ashes, Hiroshima Reconstruction and Peacebuilding Research Project, vol. 1, Hiroshima Prefecture and the City of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, pp 156–165

  • Van der Pluijm R, Melissen J (2007) City diplomacy: the expanding role of cities in international politics. Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, The Hague

    Google Scholar 

  • Yabui K (1992) Hibakutoshi, Hiroshima-shi niyoru “Han-kaku toshi rengo” Sekai Heiwa Rentai Toshi Shicho Kaigi no 10-nen: Kakuheiki haizetsu kara kankyo, jinken e (World Conference of Mayors for Peace through Inter-city Solidarity, an association of anti-nuclear cities organized by the bombed city, Hiroshima). Heiwa kenkyu (Peace Research) 17:34–48

  • Yamada Setsuo Tsuisoroku Kanko Iinkai (1976) Yamada Setsuo tuisoroku (Memories of Yamada Setsuo). Yamada Setsuo Tsuisoroku Kanko-iinkai, Hiroshima

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita A (2006) Natsugumo no oka: Byoso no hibakuishi (Summer clouds beyond the hill: an atomic bomb survivor medical doctor on a hospital bed). Nagasaki Shimbun-sha, Nagasaki

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoneyama L (1995) Hiroshima traces: time, space, and the dialectics of memory. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter J (2007) The “moral witness” and the two world wars. Ethnol Fr 37(3):467–474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zelinsky W (1991) The twinning of the world: sisters cities in geographic and historical perspective. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 81(1):1–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zwigenberg R (2014) Hiroshima: the origins of global memory culture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research for this article would not have been possible without generous assistance provided by the following current and past city hall officials: Akitoshi Nakamura, former director of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum, Mika Matsuo and Yayoi Minokawa in the Peace Promotion Division, Nagasaki City Hall, Takashi Morita, former director of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum, Noboru Tasaki, a former official in the Peace Promotion Division, Nagasaki City Hall, Kenji Shiga, former director of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, and Katsunori Hamaoka and Kahori Wada at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Access to the university library and other resources provided by Hiroshima University during the summer of 2020 was also crucial to this project. I thank Itaru Nagasaka, Koki Seki, Ikumi Sumida, Megumi Watanabe, and Satoshi Watanabe for their generous support and Kahori Fujioka for her timely research assistance. Special thanks are due to Benjamin Leffel, Masaya Nemoto, and Annelise Riles, as well as to the three anonymous reviewers, for their invaluable comments on earlier drafts. I thank Alexandra De Leon for her assistance at various stages of this project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

    Hirokazu Miyazaki

  2. Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

    Hirokazu Miyazaki

  3. Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA

    Hirokazu Miyazaki

Authors
  1. Hirokazu Miyazaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hirokazu Miyazaki.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Handled by Ayyoob Sharifi, Hiroshima University IDEC Higashi Hiroshima, Japan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Miyazaki, H. Hiroshima and Nagasaki as models of city diplomacy. Sustain Sci 16, 1215–1228 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00968-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00968-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation