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New Opportunities in Refractory Alloys

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Abstract

For decades, the promise of refractory alloys (robust structural materials for use above 1500 K (1200 °C)) has been hampered by concurrent requirements for fabricability via ingot metallurgy and oxidation resistance. These constraints have thus far proven impossible to meet in a single material. The work herein demonstrates that the advent of economical powder feedstocks and consolidation methods, such as additive manufacturing (AM), effectively removes the constraints preventing widespread utilization of high-strength refractory alloys into aerospace, defense, and space access applications. High-purity, spherical refractory-alloy powders (e.g. the Nb-10Hf-1Ti alloy ATI C103™) were made via both atomization and plasma spheroidization and consolidated using a variety of methods. Consolidated material shows comparable and sometimes superior high temperature performance to equivalent wrought material. The availability of cost-effective powder synthesis techniques enables the elimination of critical barriers in fabrication: namely the requirement for hot and cold working. The availability of AM and hot isostatic pressing expands the design space for high-strength refractory alloys and makes the adoption of new paradigms in alloy design, such as refractory complex concentrated alloys, plausible. Going forward, the most difficult challenge, oxidation, can be tackled with the new approaches that are now available.

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Notes

  1. The C103 alloy, comprising Nb-10Hf-1Ti, was the third “Cb” alloy in an extensive alloy development campaign by ATI (then Wah Chang) and Boeing from 1959-1967 that included Mo, W, Ta and Nb alloys.

  2. Castheon, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA.

  3. N.B. Niobium alloys are Class I solid solutions wherein creep rate is dominated by dislocation glide and thus is insensitive to grain size.[113] Unfortunately, there is then no obvious performance benefit to achieving the directionally solidified structure in creep dominated high temperature service.

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Philips, N.R., Carl, M. & Cunningham, N.J. New Opportunities in Refractory Alloys. Metall Mater Trans A 51, 3299–3310 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05803-3

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