Abstract
Annealing of cold-rolled high-strength steels leads to various microstructural changes such as recrystallization, cementite precipitation, microalloying elements precipitation and austenite formation. These transformations are expected to interact with each other. Understanding how and where austenite forms in a microstructure is of prime importance to avoid formation of banded microstructures, which are detrimental to good in-use properties. In this work, a mean-field model is used to simulate concomitant recrystallization, cementite precipitation, microalloying elements precipitation and austenite formation kinetics, as well as their interactions during 1 and 10 °C/s heating. Excellent agreement with experimental data is obtained only if cementite pinning effect on recrystallized grain boundaries is considered. It is shown that cementite exhibits a much stronger delaying effect on recrystallization kinetics than microalloying elements, leading to the formation of banded microstructures. Carbon nominal content of a steel appears to be the most important parameter to acknowledge to understand recrystallization kinetics.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
1. O. Bouaziz, H. Zurob, and M. Huang: Steel Res. Int., 2013, vol. 12, pp. 937–47.
D. Bhattacharya: Tecnologia em Metalurgia Materiais e Mineração, 2014, vol. 11, pp. 371–83.
N. Fonstein: Advanced High Strength Sheet Steels : Physical Metallurgy, Design, Processing, and Properties, Springer, Berlin, 2015.
C.I. Garcia and A.J. Deardo: Metallurgical Transactions A, 1981, vol. 12, pp. 521–30.
G.R. Speich, V.A. Demarest, and R.L. Miller: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 1981, vol. 12, pp. 1419–28.
D.Z. Yang, E.L. Brown, D.K. Matlock, and G. Krauss: Metallurgical Transactions A, 1985, vol. 16, pp. 1385–92.
J. Huang, W.J. Poole, and M. Militzer: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2004, vol. 35, pp. 3363–75.
F.G. Caballero, A. García-Junceda, C. Capdevila, and C. García de Andrés: Materials Transactions, 2006, vol. 47, pp. 2269–76.
D. San Martín, T. de Cock, A. García-Junceda, F.G. Caballero, C. Capdevila, and C.G. de Andrés (2008) Mater. Sci. Technol. 24:266–72
T. Ogawa, N. Maruyama, N. Sugiura, and N. Yoshinaga: ISIJ International, 2010, vol. 50, pp. 46–475.
V.H. BaltazarHernandez, S.S. Nayak, Y. Zhou (2011) Metall. Mater. Trans. A 42:3115–29
H. Azizi-Alizamini, M. Militzer, and W.J. Poole: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 1544–57.
M. Kulakov, W.J. Poole, and M. Militzer: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2013, vol. 44, pp. 3564–76.
P. Li, J. Li, Q. Meng, W. Hu, and D. Xu: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2013, vol. 578, pp. 320–7.
R. Wei, M. Enomoto, R. Hadian, H.S. Zurob, and G.R. Purdy: Acta Materialia, 2013, vol. 61, pp. 697–707.
A. Chbihi, D. Barbier, L. Germain, A. Hazotte, and M. Gouné: Journal of Materials Science, 2014, vol. 49, pp. 3608–21.
M. Kulakov, W.J. Poole, and M. Militzer: ISIJ International, 2014, vol. 54, pp. 2627–36.
C. Philippot, J. Drillet, P. Maugis, V. Hebert, and M. Dumont: Metallurgical Research and Technology, 2014, vol. 111, pp. 3–8.
D. Barbier, L. Germain, A. Hazotte, M. Gouné, and A. Chbihi: Journal of Materials Science, 2015, vol. 50, pp. 374–81.
T. Ogawa: International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2015, vol. 10, p. 22.
F. CastroCerda, B. Schulz, S. Papaefthymiou, A. Artigas, A. Monsalve, R. Petrov (2016) Metals 6:321
F.M. CastroCerda, I. Sabirov, C. Goulas, J. Sietsma, A. Monsalve, R.H. Petrov (2017) Mater. Des. 116:448–60
M. Ollat, V. Massardier, D. Fabregue, E. Buscarlet, F. Keovilay, and M. Perez: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2017, vol. 48, pp. 4486–99.
M. Bellavoine, M. Dumont, J. Drillet, V. Hébert, and P. Maugis: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2018, vol. 49, pp. 2865–75.
J.J. Jonas and I. Weiss: Metal Science, 1979, vol. 13, pp. 238–45.
A. Deschamps, F. Livet, and Y. Bréchet: Acta Materialia, 1998, vol. 47, pp. 281–92.
A. Deschamps and Y. Bréchet: Acta Materialia, 1998, vol. 47, pp. 293–305.
H.S. Zurob, Y. Brechet, and G. Purdy: Acta Materialia, 2001, vol. 49, pp. 4183–90.
V. Andrade-Carozzo and P. Jacques: Materials Science Forum, 2007, vol. 539–543, pp. 4649–54.
Y.J.M. Bréchet, C.R. Hutchinson, H.S. Zurob, C.W. Sinclair (2007) Steel Res. Int. 78:210–15
C.W. Sinclair, C.R. Hutchinson, and Y. Bréchet: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2007, vol. 38, pp. 821–30.
O. Girina, N. Fonstein, and D. Bhattacharya: vol. 1 : Plenary Lectures Automotive Applications, Oils and Gas Applications, High Temperature Applications of High Strength Steels, Buenos Aires, 2008, pp. 29–35.
C.R. Hutchinson, H.S. Zurob, C.W. Sinclair, and Y.J.M. Brechet: Scripta Materialia, 2008, vol. 59, pp. 635–37.
M. Perez and A. Deschamps: Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2003, vol. 360, pp. 214–19.
Y. Wang, S. Denis, B. Appolaire, and P. Archambault: J. Phys. IV France, 2004, vol. 120, pp. 103–10.
Y. Yang, B. Wang, Z.D. Wang, Y.M. Li, G.D. Wang, and R.D.K. Misra: in Materials Science Forum, vol. 898, Trans Tech Publ, 2017, pp. 832–39.
J. Schindelin, I. Arganda-Carreras, E. Frise, V. Kaynig, M. Longair, T. Pietzsch, S. Preibisch, C. Rueden, S. Saalfeld, B. Schmid, J.-Y. Tinevez, D.J. White, V. Hartenstein, K. Eliceiri, P. Tomancak, and A. Cardona: Nature Methods, 2012, vol. 9, p. 676.
F.J. Humphreys, M. Hatherly (2004) Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena, 2 edn. Elsevier, New York
W. Johnson, R. Mehl (1939) Transactions of the AIME. 135:416–58
M. Avrami: The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1939, vol. 7, pp. 1103–12.
M. Avrami: The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1940, vol. 8, pp. 212–24.
M. Avrami: The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1941, vol. 9, pp. 177–84.
A.N. Shiryayev: in Selected Works of A. N. Kolmogorov, A.N. Shiryayev, ed., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 1992, pp. 188–92.
J.-O. Andersson, T. Helander, L. Höglund, P. Shi, and B. Sundman: Calphad, 2002, vol. 26, pp. 273–312.
Thermo-Calc Software TCFE9 Steels/Fe-Alloys Database (Accessed on 26.09.2019).
C. Bos, M.G. Mecozzi, and J. Sietsma: Computational Materials Science, 2010, vol. 48, pp. 692–9.
E. Gamsjäger, H. Chen, and S. van der Zwaag: Computational Materials Science, 2014, vol. 83, pp. 92–100.
M.G. Mecozzi, C. Bos, and J. Sietsma: Acta Materialia, 2015, vol. 88, pp. 302–13.
C. Zheng and D. Raabe: Acta Materialia, 2013, vol. 61, pp. 5504–17.
M. Hillert and L. Höglund: Scripta Materialia, 2006, vol. 54, pp. 1259–63.
F. Huyan, J.-Y. Yan, L. Höglund, J. Ågren, and A. Borgenstam: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2018, vol. 49, pp. 1053–60.
E. Gamsjäger, M. Militzer, F. Fazeli, J. Svoboda, and F.D. Fischer: Computational Materials Science, 2006, vol. 37, pp. 94–100.
Y.X. Wu, W.W. Sun, M.J. Styles, A. Arlazarov, and C.R. Hutchinson: Acta Materialia, 2018, vol. 159, pp. 209–24.
B. Zhu and M. Militzer: Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2012, vol. 20, art. no. 085011.
M. Gouné, P. Maugis, and F. Danoix: Nanotechnology Reviews, 2015, vol. 4, pp. 517–32.
P. Maugis and M. Gouné: Acta Materialia, 2005, vol. 53, pp. 3359–67.
B. Noble and S.E. Bray: Materials Science and Engineering: A, 1999, vol. 266, pp. 80–85.
M. Perez, E. Courtois, D. Acevedo, T. Epicier, and P. Maugis: Philosophical Magazine Letters, 2007, vol. 87, pp. 645–56.
M. Gouné, J. Drillet, and P. Maugis: Computational Materials Science, 2012, vol. 55, pp. 127–35.
J.H. Jang, C.-H. Lee, H.N. Han, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, and D.-W. Suh: Materials Science and Technology, 2013, vol. 29, pp. 1074–79.
D. Gendt: Thèse de doctorat, Université Paris XI, 2001.
F. Perrard, A. Deschamps, and P. Maugis: Acta Materialia, 2007, vol. 55, pp. 1255–66.
T. Gladman (2002) The Physical Metallurgy of Microalloyed Steels. Maney, London
A.J. DeArdo: International Materials Reviews, 2003, vol. 48, pp. 371–402.
L.E. Samuels: Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal., 2014, vol. 3, pp. 70–90.
J.W. Martin, R.D. Doherty, B. Cantor (1997) Stability of Microstructure in Metallic Systems, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
S. Zamberger, L. Whitmore, S. Krisam, T. Wojcik, and E. Kozeschnik: Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, 2015, vol. 23, p. 055012.
M. Hillert: Acta Metallurgica, 1959, vol. 7, pp. 653–58.
P. Maugis, F. Danoix, M. Dumont, S. Curelea, S. Cazottes, H. Zapolsky, and M. Gouné: Materials Letters, 2018, vol. 214, pp. 213–16.
D.A. Porter and K.E. Easterling: Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 3rd edn., Springer US, 1992.
Acknowledgments
This project was supported by the National Association of Research and Technology (ANRT—Project No 2017/0799). P. Barges is thanked for TEM training and assistance. Dr. G. Da Rosa is also gratefully acknowledged for fruitful discussions about microstructural evolutions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Manuscript submitted March 2, 2020.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marceaux dit Clément, A., Hoummada, K., Drillet, J. et al. Delaying Effect of Cementite on Recrystallization Kinetics of a Ti-Nb Microalloyed High-Formability Steel. Metall Mater Trans A 51, 4059–4073 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05859-1
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05859-1