Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prediction of residual stress and distortion of ferrous and non-ferrous metals: Current status and future developments

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The quantitative prediction of the consequences of a heat treatment, in terms of microstructure and hardness, residual stresses and distortions, implies a thorough knowledge of the coupled thermal, metallurgical, and mechanical phenomena that occur during the treatment and their modeling. Recent progress made in that field for metallic alloys (steels, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys) is reviewed through different examples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. P. Archambault, J.Ch. Chevrier, G. Beck, and J. Bouvaist: “A Contribution to the Optimization of the 7075 Heat Treatment,” Mat. Science Eng., 1980, 43, pp. 1–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Denis, J.Ch. Chevrier, and G. Beck: “Etude des contraintes résiduelles introduites par la trempe dans des cylindres en TA6Zr5D (685),” J. Less-Common Metals, 1980, 69, pp. 265–76 (in French).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. G. Beck and T. Ericsson: “Prediction of Residual Stresses Due to Heat Treatment” in Residual Stresses in Science and Technology, E. Macherauch, V. Hauk, ed., 1987, 1, pp. 27–40.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. S. Sjöström: “Physical, Mathematical and Numerical Modeling for Calculation of Residual Stress. Fundamentals and Applications,” Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Residual Stresses, Ed. Society of Experimental Mechanics, 1994, pp. 484–97.

  5. M. Hoferer, Th. Lübben, A. Majorek, B. Thoden, and H.W. Zoch: “Grundlagen der Massund Formänderungsentstehung bei der Wärmebehandlung,” Härterei Technische Mitteilungen, 1996, 51, pp. 56–68 (in German).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. S. Denis: “Prévision des contraintes résiduelles induites par traitement thermique et thermochimique.” La Revue de Métallurgie-CIT/Science et Génie des Matériaux, Février 1997, pp. 157–76 (in French).

  7. T. Inoue, Z.G. Wang, and K. Miyao: “Quenching Stress of Carburised Steel Gear Wheel,” Proc. International Conference on Residual Stresses (ICRS2), G. Beck, S. Denis, and A. Simon, ed., Elsevier Applied Science, 1988, pp. 606–11.

  8. Atlas des Courbes de Transformation des Aciers de Fabrication Française, IRSID, 1974 (in French).

  9. J. Orlich, A. Rose, P. Wiest, and H.J. Pietrzeniuk: “Atlas für Wärmebehandlung der Stähle,” Band 3 1973, Band 4 1976 (in German).

  10. A. Simon: “Etude du revenu de la structure de trempe martensitique des alliages Fe-C-Si à forte teneur en carbone. Mécanismes de précipitation et de transformation des carbures,” Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat, Univ. de Nancy 1, 1972 (in French).

  11. E.J. Mittemeijer, and I.A. Wierszyllowski: “The Isothermal and Non-Isothermal Kinetics of Tempering Iron-Carbon and Iron-Nitrogen Martensites and Austenites,” Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, 1991, 82(6), pp. 419–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. C. Aubry, S. Denis, P. Archambault, A. Simon, F. Ruckstuhl, and B. Miege: “Etude expérimentale et modélisation des cinétiques de revenu d’aciers trempés,” Traitement Thermique, 1997, 303(11), pp. 38–42 (in French).

    Google Scholar 

  13. T. Manoubi, C. Servant, and P. Lacombe: “Evolution structurale de l’alliage de titane TA6Zr5D ou IMI 685 au cours de refroidissements continus à différentes vitesses,” Proc. “5èmeJournées d’Etude du Titane et de ses alliages,” Nantes 28–29 Novembre 1978, Ed. Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique, Groupement pour l’avancement de la mécanique Industrielle, C.N.R.S., 1978, pp. 349–64 (in French).

  14. S. Bein and J. Béchet: “Comparative Study of Isothermal and Aniso-Thermal Transformations in β-cez 6.2.4.6. and 10.2.3 Alloys,” La Revue de Métallurgie-CIT/Science et Génie des Matériaux, Septembre 1996, pp. 1079–92.

  15. E. Laude, E. Gautier, P. Archambault, and S. Denis: “Cinétique de transformation des alliages de titane en fonction du traitement thermomécanique. Etude expérimentale et calcul,” La Revue de Métallurgie-CIT/Science et Génie des Matériaux, Septembre 1996, pp. 1067–78 (in French).

  16. D. Godard: “Influences de la précipitation sur le comportement thermomécanique lors de la trempe d’un alliage Al-Zn-Mg-Cu,” Thèse de Doctorat de l’INPL, Nancy, 1999 (in French).

  17. D. Godard, P. Archambault, J.P. Houin, E. Gautier, and F. Heymes: “Mechanical Softening Kinetics at High Temperatures in an AlMgZnCu Alloy: Experimental Characterization and Microstructural Interpretation,” Proc. ICAA-6, T. Sato, S. Kumai, T. Kobayashi, and Y. Murakami, ed., The Japan Institute of Light Metals, vol. 2, 1998, pp. 1033–38.

  18. E. Gautier and A. Simon: “Analysis of the Kinetics of Pearlitic Transformation under Stress or after Plastic Deformation,” Proc. International Conference Phase Transformations ’87 University of Cambridge 6–10 July 1987, G.W. Lorimer, ed., The Institute of Metals, 1987, pp. 451–54.

  19. J.R. Patel and M. Cohen: “Criterion for the Action of Applied Stress in the Martensitic Transformation,” Acta Metall, 1953, 1, pp. 531–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. E. Gautier, A. Simon, and G. Beck: “Martensitic Transformation Kinetics During Anisothermal Creep and Tensile Tests.” J.I.M., ed., Proceedings International Conference on Martensitic Transformation, 1986, pp. 502–7.

  21. M. Veaux, J.Ch. Louin, S. Denis, E. Gautier, and P. Archambault: “Effect of Stress on Bainitic Transformation in Medium Alloyed Steels,” Journal de Physique IV, France 11, 2001, pp. 181–88.

  22. R. Millot, P. Archambault, E. Gautier, J.P. Houin, A. Badard, J. Bellus, C. Hunter, Y. Desalos, and F. Ruckstuhl: “Transformation of Residual Austenite under Thermomechanical Variations,” Journal de Physique IV, France 9, 1999, pp. 250–59.

  23. D. Leriche, E. Gautier, and A. Simon: “Mechanical Behavior of a Forged and a HIP’ ed TA6V4 Alloy in the Transformation Temperature Range” Proc. Sixth World Conference on Titanium Cannes, 6–9 Juin 1988, P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger, ed., Ed de Physique, 1988, pp. 163–68.

  24. S. Denis, D. Farias, and A. Simon: “Mathematical Model Coupling Phase Transformations and Temperature Evolutions in Steels,” ISIJ International, 1992, 2, pp. 316–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. S. Denis, P. Archambault, C. Aubry, A. Mey, J.Ch. Louin, and A. Simon: “Modeling of Phase Transformation Kinetics in Steels and Coupling with Heat Treatment Residual Stress Predictions,” Journal de Physique IV, France 9, 1999, pp. 323–32.

  26. C. Aubry, S. Denis, P. Archambault, A. Simon, F. Ruckstuhl, and B. Miege: “Prediction of Microstructures and Quenching Residual Stresses in Case Hardened Pieces Including Selftempering Effects,” Proc. of 4th ASM Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering Conference in Europe, AIM, 1998, 2, pp. 273–82.

  27. H.K.D.H. Badeshia: “Modeling of Steel Welds,” Mat. Sci. Technol. 1992, 8, pp. 123–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. G. Inden, and P. Neuman: “Simulation of Diffusion Controlled Phase Transformations in Steels,” Steel Research, 1996, 67(10), pp. 401–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. D. Godard, E. Gautier, and P. Archambault: “Modeling Heterogeneous Precipitation Kinetics in a Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Aluminum Alloy,” PTM’99, International Conference on Solid-Solid Phase Transformations, M. Koiwa, K. Ouka, and T. Myasaki, ed., The Japan Institute of Metals, 1999, pp. 145–48.

  30. P. Archambault, D. Godard, S. Denis, E. Gautier, and F. Heymes: “Prediction of Heat Treatment Residual Stresses. Application to Quenching of High Strength Aluminum Alloys Including Precipitation Effects,” Proc. 7th Int. Seminar on Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering of Light Alloys, 15–17 Sept. 1999, pp. 249–58.

  31. N. Gayraud, F. Moret, X. Baillin, and P.E. Mosser: “Precipitation Kinetics in N18 P/M Superalloy: Experimental Study and Numerical Modeling,” Journal de Physique IV, Coll. C7, 1993, 3, pp. 271–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. S. Denis: “Considering Stress-Phase Transformation Interactions in the Calculation of Heat Treatment Residual Stresses” Journal de Physique IV, Coll. C1, 1996, 6, pp. 159–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. “Special Issue on Recent Advances in Modelling on Microstructural Evolution and Properties of Steels,” Journal of The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 1992, 32(3).

  34. M. Suheiro: “A Mathematical Model for Predicting Temperature of Steel During Cooling Based on Microstructural Evolution,” Proc. of 4th ASM Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering Conference in Europe, AIM, 1998, 2, pp. 11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  35. E. Gautier, A. Simon, and G. Beck: “Plasticité de transformation durant la transformation perlitique d’un acier eutectoïde,” Acta Metall., 1987, 35(6), pp. 1367–75 (in French).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. E. Gautier, J.S. Zhang, and X.M. Zhang: “Martensitic Transformation under Stress in Ferrous Alloys; Mechanical Behavior and Resulting Morphologies,” Journal de Physique IV, Coll. C8, Supp. J. de Phys. III, 1995, 5, pp. 41–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. E. Gautier, J.S. Zhang, and S. Denis: “Comportement mécanique de l’acier 27MC5 au cours de la transformation bainitique,” Revue de Métallurgie, Journées d’Automne, 1997, p. 173 (in French).

  38. E. Gautier, S. Denis, Ch. Liebaut, S. Sjöström, and A. Simon, “Mechanical Behavior of Fe-C Alloys During Phase Transformations,” Journal de Physique IV, Coll. C3, Supp. J. de Phys. III, 1994, 4, pp. 279–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. T. Grosdidier, C. Roubaud, M.J. Philippe, S. Zoefferer, M. Zandona, E. Gautier, and Y. Combres: “Structure/Deformation Relationship in a β Metastable Ti-Alloy,” Journal de Physique IV, Coll. C1, Supp. J. de Phys. III, 1996, 6, pp. 435–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. J.C. Videau, G. Cailletaud, and A. Pineau: “Experimental Study of the Transformation Induced Plasticity in a Cr-Ni-Mo-Al-Ti Steel,” Journal de Physique IV, Coll. C1, Supp. J. de Phys. III, 1996, 6, pp. 465–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. “Micro- and Macrostructural Aspects of Thermoplasticity,” Proc. IUTAM Symposium, Bochum, 25–29 août 1997, O.T. Bruhns and E. Stein, ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

  42. Proc. of 3rd Int. Conf. on Quenching and Control of Distortion, Prague (République Tchèque) 24–26 Mars 1999, ASM International, 1999.

  43. G. Flament, F. Moreaux, and G. Beck: “Instabilité de la caléfaction à haute température sur un cylindre vertical trempé dans un liquide sousrefroidi,” Int. J. Heat Mass transfer, 1979, 22, pp. 1059–67 (in French).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. A.J. Fletcher and M. Nasseri: “Effect of Plate Orientation on Quenching Characteristics,” Mater. Sci. Technol. 1995, 11, pp. 375–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. C. Dumont, A. Simon, and G. Beck: “Planungs und Auswahlprinzipien für ein Abschrecköl,” Härterei Technische Mitteilungen, Band 30, Dezember 1975 (in German).

  46. F. Moreaux, G. Beck, B. Clement, J. Olivier, and A. Mulot: “Nouvelles solutions aqueuses pour la trempe des alliages métalliques. Importance de l’agitation du liquide,” Traitement Thermique, 1989, 225, pp. 45–49 (in French).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Proceedings of 2nd Int. Conf. on Quenching and Control of Distortion, G.E. Totten, M.A.H. Howes, S. Sjöström, K. Funatani, ed., ASM International, 1996.

  48. D.S. MacKenzie, G.E. Totten, and G.M. Webster: “Quenching Fundamentals: Heat Transfer,” Proc. of 2nd Int. Conf. on Quenching and Control of Distortion, G.E. Totten, M.A.H. Howes, S. Sjöström, and K. Funatani, ed., ASM International, 1996, pp. 329–40.

  49. M. Lind, N. Lior, F. Alavyoon, and F. Bark: “Flow Effects and Modeling in Gaz Cooled Quenching,” Proc. 11th Int. Heat Transfer Conf., 23–28 August 1998.

  50. J.M. Dedulle, V. Poulbot and T. Breville: “Simulation numérique en traitement thermique. Application á la trempe par induction,” Proc. Internationaux de France de Traitement Thermique ATTT95, Ed. PYC, 1995, pp. 187–207 (in French).

  51. R. Fortunier, J.B. Leblond, and D. Pont: “Recent Advances in the Numerical Simulation of Simultaneous Diffusion and Precipitation of Chemical Elements in Steels,” Phase transformations during the thermal/mechanical processing of steel, E.B. Hawbolt and S. Yue, ed., Institut Canadien des Mines, de la Métallurgie et du Pétrole, 1995, pp. 357–71.

  52. F. Renou-Devy, P. Mosser, and A. Benallal: “Modélisation des contraintes résiduelles développées lors de la trempe à l’huile d’un disque de turbine en astraloy,” Traitement Thermique, 1996, 288, pp. 33–39 (in French).

    Google Scholar 

  53. P. Brunet, A. Mey, P. Archambault, S. Denis, and F. Moreaux: “Caractérisation des transformations de phases des aciers en cycle thermique rapide,” Revue Française des Métallurgistes, janvier 1995, pp. 39–42 (in French).

  54. P. Archambault, S. Denis, and A. Azim: “Inverse Resolution of the Heat Transfer Equation with Internal Heat Source: Application to the Quenching of Steels with Phase Transformations,” J. Mater. Eng. Performance, 1997, 6, pp. 240–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. A. Mey: “Prévision par calcul des cinétiques de transformation de phases et des contraintes internes lors du tratement thermique d’aciers cémentés,” Thèse de Doctorat INPL, Nancy, 1997 (in French).

  56. J.Ch. Louin, S. Denis, H. Combeau, G. Lesoult, A. Simon, Ch. Aliaga, and E. Massoni: “Effect of Solidification Segregations on Phase Transformation Kientics and on the Development of Internal Stresses and Deformations During Cooling of Steels,” Proc. 5th European Conf. on Residual Stresses (ECRS5), Materials Science Forum, Trans Tech Publications Switzerland, 2000, 347–9, pp. 205–10.

    Google Scholar 

  57. A. Niclas: “Prise en compte des gradients de propriétés liées au traitement thermique dans le dimensionnement des pièces mécaniques,” Thèse de Doctorat de l’ENSAM, Paris, 1998 (in French).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Science et Génie des Matériaux et de Metallurgie, UMR 7584 CNRS/INPL, Ecole des Mines de Nancy, Parc de Saurupt, 54042, Nancy Cedex, France

    Sabine Denis, Pierre Archambault, Elisabeth Gautier, André Simon & Gérard Beck

Authors
  1. Sabine Denis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pierre Archambault
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Elisabeth Gautier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. André Simon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Gérard Beck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Denis, S., Archambault, P., Gautier, E. et al. Prediction of residual stress and distortion of ferrous and non-ferrous metals: Current status and future developments. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 11, 92–102 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-002-0014-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-002-0014-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation