Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Maternal supplementation with CLA decreases milk fat in humans

  • Articles
  • Published:
Lipids

Abstract

CLA refers to isomers of octadecadienoic acid with conjugated double bonds. The most abundant form of CLA (rumenic acid (RA): c9,t11-18∶2) is found in milk and beef fat. Further, CLA supplements containing RA and t10,c12−18∶2 are now available. Consumption of commercially produced CLA has been shown to decrease adipose accretion in growing laboratory and production animals and cause milk fat depression in cows. We tested the hypothesis that CLA supplementation would increase milk CLA concentration and decrease milk fat content in humans. Breastfeeding women (n=9) participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study divided into three periods: intervention l (5 d), washout (7 d), and intervention II (5 d). Women were randomized to treatment order. During each intervention period, women consumed 1.5 g of CLA supplement or placebo (olive oil) daily; during the washout period, no supplements were consumed. Milk was collected by complete breast expression on the final day of each period; milk output was estimated by 24-h weighing on the penultimate day of each intervention period. Milk RA and t10,c12−18∶2 concentrations were greater (P<0.05) during the CLA treatment period as compared to the placebo period. Milk fat content was significantly lower during the CLA treatment, as compared to the placebo treatment (P<0.05). Data indicate no effect of treatment on milk output. Therefore, it would be prudent that lactating women not consume commercially available CLA supplements at this time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

FFQ:

food frequency questionnaire

MFD:

milk fat depression

PHVO:

partially hydrogenated vegetable oils

RA:

rumenic acid

References

  1. Lee, K.N., Kritchevsky, D., and Pariza, M.W. (1994) Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Atherosclerosis in Rabbits, Atherosclerosis 108, 19–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Parodi, P.W. (1997) Cow’s Milk Components as Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents, J. Nutr. 127, 1055–1060.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Houseknecht, K.L., Vanden Heuvel, J.P., Portocarrero, C.P., Peck, L.W., Kwangok, P.N., and Belury, M.A. (1998) Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Normalizes Impaired Tolerance in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty fa/fa Rat, Biochem, Biophys. Res. Comm. 244, 678–682.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ryder, J.W., Portocarrero, C.P., Song, X.M., Cui, L., Yu, M., Combatsiaris, T., Galuska, D., Bauman, D.E., Barbano, D.M., Charron, M.J., et al. (2001) Isomer-Specific Antidiabetic Properties of Conjugated Linoleic Acid. Improved Glucose Tolerance, Skeletal Muscle Insulin Action, and UCP-2 Gene Expression, Diabetes 50, 1149–1157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ha, Y.L., Grimm, N.K., and Pariza, M.W. (1990) Inhibition of ben(a)Pyrene-Induced Mouse Forestomach Neoplastic by Conjugated Dienoic Derivatives of Linoleic Acid, Cancer Res 50, 1097–1101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ip, C., Chin, S.F., Scimeca, J.A., and Pariza, M.W. (1991) Mammary Cancer Prevention by Conjugated Dienoic Derivative of Linoleic Acid, Cancer Res. 51, 6118–6124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ip, C., Singh, M., Thompson, H.J., and Scimeca, J.A. (1994) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Suppresses Mammary Carcinogenesis and Proliferative Activity of the Mammary Gland in the Rat, Cancer Res. 54, 1212–1215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kramer, J.K.G., Parodi, P.W., Jensen, R.G., Mossoba, M.M., Yurawecz, M.P., and Adlof, R.O. (1998) Rumenic Acid: A Proposed Common Name for the Major Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer Found in Natural Products, Lipids 33, 835.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ip, C., Banni, S., Angioni, E., Carta, G., McGinley, J., Thompson, H.J., Barbano, D., and Bauman, D. (1999) Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Enriched Butter Fat Alters Mammary Gland Morphogenesis and Reduces Cancer Risk in Rats, J. Nutr. 129, 2135–2142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gavino, V.C., Gavino, G., Leblanc, M.-J., and Tuchweber, B. (2000) An Isomeric Mixture of Conjugated Linoleic Acids but Not Pure cis-9,trans-11-Octadecadienoic Acid Affects Body Weight Gain and Plasma Lipids in Hamsters, J. Nutr. 130, 27–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chin, S.F., Storkson, J.M., Albright, K.J., Cook, M.E., and Pariza, M.W. (1994) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Is a Growth Factor for Rats as Shown by Enhanced Weight Gain and Improved Feed Efficiency, J. Nutr. 124, 2344–2349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. McGuire, M.K., Park, Y., Behre, R.A., Harrison, L.Y., Shultz, T.D., and McGuire, M.A. (1997) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Concentrations of Human Milk and Infant Formula, Nutr. Res. 17, 1277–1283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Fogerty, A.C., Ford, G.L., and Svoronos, D. (1988) Octadeca-9,11-dienoic Acid in Foodstuffs and in the Lipids of Human Blood and Breast Milk, Nutr. Rept. Intl. 38, 937–944.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Park, Y., McGuire, M.K., Behre, R., McGuire, M.A., Evans, M.A., and Shultz, T.D. (1999) High-Fat Dairy Product Consumption Increases Δ9c,11t−18∶2 (rumenic acid) and Total Lipid Concentrations of Human Milk, Lipids 34, 543–549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Loor, J.J., and Herbein, J.H. (1998) Exogenous Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers Reduce Bovine Milk Fat Concentration and Yield by Inhibiting de novo Fatty Acid Synthesis, J. Nutr. 128, 2411–2419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Chouinard, P.Y., Corneau, L., Barbano, D.M., Metzger, L.E., and Bauman, D.E. (1999) Conjugated Linoleic Acids Alter Milk Fatty Acid Composition and Inhibit Milk Fat Secretion in Dairy Cows, J. Nutr. 129, 1579–1584.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Baumgard, L.H., Corl, B.A., Dwyer, D.A., Saebø, A., and Bauman, D.E. (2000) Identification of the Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer That Inhibits Milk Fat Synthesis, Am. J. Physiol. Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 278, R179-R184.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bauman, D.E., and Griinari, J.M. (2001) Regulation and Nutritional Manipulation of Milk Fat: Low-Fat Milk Syndrome, Livestock Prod. Sci. 70, 15–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Folch, J., Lees, M., and Sloane Stanley, G.H. (1957) A Simple Method for the Isolation and Purification of Total Lipids from Animal Tissues, J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497–509.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Christie, W.W. (1982) A Simple Procedure for Rapid Transmethylation of Glycerolipids and Cholesteryl Esters, J. Lipid Res. 23, 1072–1075.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Griinari, J.M., Dwyer, D.A., McGuire, M.A., Bauman, D.E., Palmquist, D.L., and Nurmela, K.V.V. (1998) Trans-Octadecenoic Acids and Milk Fat Depression in Lactating Dairy Cows, J. Dairy Sci. 81, 1251–1261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ritzenthaler, K.L., McGuire, M.K., Falen, R., Shultz, T.D., Dasgupta, N., and McGuire, M.A. (2001) Estimation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Intake by Written Dietary Assessment Methodologies Underestimates Actual Intake Evaluated by Food Duplicate Methodology, J. Nutr. 131, 1648–1554.

    Google Scholar 

  23. McGuire, M.K., McGuire, M.A., Ritzenthaler, K., and Shultz, T.D. (1999) Dietary Sources and Intakes of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Intake in Humans, in Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research (Yurawecz, M.P., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Pariza, M.W., and Nelson, G.J., eds.) pp. 369–377, AOCS Press, Champaign.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ratkowsky, D.A., Evans, M.A., and Alldredge, J.R. (1993) Cross-over Experiments: Design, Analysis, and Application, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hartman, P.E., Sherriff, J.L., and Mitoulas, L.R. (1998) Homeostatic Mechanisms That Regulate Lactation During Energetic Stress, J. Nutr. 128, 394S-399S.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Astrup, H.N., Vik-Mo, L., Ekern, A., and Bakke, F. (1976) Feeding Protected and Unprotected Oils to Dairy Cows, J. Dairy Sci. 59, 426–430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Teter, B.B., Sampugna, J., and Keeney, M. (1990) Milk Fat Depression in C57b1/6J Mice Consuming Partially Hydrogenated Fat, J. Nutr. 120, 818–824.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wonsil, B.J., Herbein, J.H., and Watkins, B.A. (1994) Dietary and Ruminally Derived trans-18∶1 Fatty Acids Alter Bovine Milk Lipids, J. Nutr. 124, 556–565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Teter, B.B., Sampugna, J., and Erdman, R.A. (1995) Specific Dietary Isomeric Fatty Acids Fed to Lactating Mice are Associated With Milk Fat Depression, J. Dairy Sci. 78 (Suppl. 1), 218.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Selner, D.R., and Schultz, L.H. (1980) Effects of Feeding Oleic Acid or Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils to Lactating Cows, J. Dairy Sci. 63, 1235–1241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, 83844-2330, Moscow, Idaho

    Mark A. McGuire

  2. Program in Statistics, Washington State University, 99164-3144, Pullman, Washington

    Nairanjana Dasgupta

  3. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646376, 99164-6376, Pullman, WA

    Nicole Masters, Kathy A. Beerman & Michelle K. McGuire

Authors
  1. Nicole Masters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mark A. McGuire
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kathy A. Beerman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nairanjana Dasgupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Michelle K. McGuire
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michelle K. McGuire.

Additional information

This paper was published in part in Masters, N., McGuire, M.A., and McGuire, M.K. (1999) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation and Milk Fat Content in Humans, FASEB J. 13, A697.

About this article

Cite this article

Masters, N., McGuire, M.A., Beerman, K.A. et al. Maternal supplementation with CLA decreases milk fat in humans. Lipids 37, 133–138 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-002-0872-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-002-0872-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation