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Klinik und Genetik der Gliedergürteldystrophien

Clinical implications and genetics of limb girdle muscle dystrophies

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medizinische genetik

Zusammenfassung

Gliedergürtelmuskeldystrophien („limb girdle muscle dystrophies“, LGMD) sind eine klinisch sowie genetisch heterogene Gruppe von Muskelkrankheiten, von denen bis heute 7 dominante (LGMD1A–G) und 15 rezessive Formen (LGMD2A–O) beschrieben sind. Viele davon beginnen im Jugendlichenalter und führen in der Regel über die folgenden 2–4 Jahrzehnte zur Gehunfähigkeit. Die Symptomatik beginnt häufig im Beckengürtel, die Muskeln des Schultergürtels folgen in unterschiedlichem Abstand. Allele Formen der vorgestellten LGMD können auch einen distalen Prädilektionstyp aufweisen, wie die Miyoshi-Myopathie durch Mutationen im Dysferlingen. Die häufigsten Formen aus der Gruppe der rezessiven LGMD sind Calpainopathien (LGMD2A), Dystrophien durch Mutationen im FKRP-Gen (FKRP: „Fukutin-related protein“, LGMD2I) sowie Dysferlinopathien (LGMD2B). Es folgen in der Häufigkeit die Sarkoglykanopathien, die oft bereits im Kindesalter beginnen. Bei vielen Formen führt der Gendefekt zur Störung eines sarkolemmalen Proteins. Wegen der großen Heterogenität folgt die molekulargenetische Analyse in der Regel der Muskelbiopsie mit immunhistologischer Aufarbeitung. Eine spezifische Therapie ist bislang nicht verfügbar. Die Behandlung von Kontrakturen und die Überwachung evtl. begleitender Kardiomyopathien stehen neben der humangenetischen Beratung im Vordergrund.

Abstract

Limb girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of muscle disorders. Seven dominant (LGMD1A through G) and 15 recessive forms (LGMD2A through O) have been described. They often start in adolescence, and most patients end up wheelchair-bound 2–4 decades later. The syndrome begins in the pelvic girdle. Muscles of the shoulder girdle follow after a variable time interval. Allelic variants may present with a distal predilection of muscles, such as Miyoshi myopathy, which is caused by mutations in the dysferlin gene. The most frequent types of LGMD are calpainopathies (LGMD1A), mutations in the FKRP gene (LGMD2i), and dysferlinopathies (LGMD2B). Sarcoglycanopathies, which often start in childhood, are the next most frequent forms. In many LGMDs, a sarcolemmal protein is affected. Because of the huge heterogeneity, molecular genetic analysis normally follows a muscle biopsy and includes an extensive immunohistochemical workup. A specific therapy for this group of diseases is not yet available. Human genetic counseling is of primary importance. Treatment of contractures as well as special care for a developing cardiomyopathy are helpful for the patient.

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Ferbert, A., Kress, W. Klinik und Genetik der Gliedergürteldystrophien. medgen 21, 332–336 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11825-009-0171-x

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