Abstract
Foraging affects survival and reproductive success in animals, including flower-visiting insects. Plant-derived floral food resources (i.e. nectar and pollen) may be rapidly changing in space and time and pollinators may need to quickly switch to new resources. Butterflies are suitable model organisms to investigate foraging behaviour of insect pollinators, because they can be easily monitored under natural conditions. We studied flower visitation patterns in the Clouded Apollo butterfly Parnassius mnemosyne in relation to the abundance of available floral resources. We recorded flower visitation daily in individually marked butterflies, listed flowering species and estimated flower abundance categories every 3 days in a single meadow, during five consecutive flight periods. Butterflies visited 35 nectar plants from the 71 species available. Few nectar plants were frequently visited (visit ratios for the annually most visited species: 37–60%), many were scarcely visited and no visits were observed on several abundant species. Flower abundance and visit ratio varied among years and within flight periods. The number of visits increased with flower abundance in the seven most frequently visited plant species, but not in the occasionally visited ones. Beside their choosiness, Parnassius mnemosyne butterflies were able to adjust foraging behaviour to rapidly changing resource distributions. Diet selectivity in adults might increase the vulnerability of this species. However, visitation plasticity may mitigate the effect of the lack of some nectar plants, as complementary resources can be used as alternatives.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Zsolt Lang, Péter Kabai and three anonymous reviewers for their comments that helped us to improve the manuscript. Csilla Danka helped us in field work. János Nagy, Gábor Turcsányi and Irén Turcsányiné Siller helped in identifying plant species and designing botanical sampling. We are grateful for the help of the Duna-Ipoly National Park. We used free software (LibreOffice, Mendeley, R, RKWard under Ubuntu). During this study, VS received a PhD fellowship at Szent István University, Doctoral School of Veterinary Science. The project was supported by the grants NKB-4185/59/2012, NKB-4533/53/2013 and NKB-4848/53/2014. Field work was licensed by the Hungarian nature conservation authorities: KTVF: 28512-2/2010.
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Szigeti, V., Kőrösi, Á., Harnos, A. et al. Temporal changes in floral resource availability and flower visitation in a butterfly. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 12, 177–189 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-9585-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-9585-6