Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Key Elements of Plant-Based Diets Associated with Reduced Risk of Metabolic Syndrome

  • Lifestyle Management to Reduce Diabetes/Cardiovascular Risk (EM Venditti, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Diabetes Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Approximately 20 %–25 % of adults worldwide have metabolic syndrome. Vegetarian and vegan diets have demonstrated effectiveness in improving body weight, glycemic control, and cardiovascular risk factors, as compared with conventional therapeutic approaches, and are potentially useful in the prevention of metabolic syndrome. This article consists of two steps: (1) a review of the literature on studies examining vegetarian and vegan diets and metabolic syndrome and (2) a review of foods and nutrients that are protective against or associated with metabolic syndromes that may help to explain the beneficial effects of plant-based dietary approaches for metabolic syndrome. The present review found eight observational research studies, and no intervention studies, examining the association of plant-based dietary approaches with metabolic syndrome. These studies, conducted mostly in Asian populations, yielded varying results. The majority, however, found better metabolic risk factors and lowered risk of metabolic syndrome among individuals following plant-based diets, as compared with omnivores. Some dietary components that are lower in the diets of vegetarians, such as energy intake, saturated fat, heme iron, and red and processed meat, may influence metabolic syndrome risk. In addition, plant-based diets are higher in fruits, vegetables, and fiber, which are protective against the development of metabolic syndrome.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Beltrán-Sánchez H, Harhay MO, Harhay MM, McElligott S. Prevalence and Trends of Metabolic Syndrome in the Adult U.S. Population, 1999–2010. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:697–703.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome—a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med. 2006;23:469–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Grundy SM, Brewer Jr HB, Cleeman JI, Smith Jr SC, Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, Miller NH, Hubbard VS, Nonas CA, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular RiskA Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013.

  5. Craig WJ, Mangels AR. Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:1266–82. This position paper from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics provides an overview of the research on vegetarian and vegan diets. This includes what nutrients may be limited on plant-based diets, as well as the potential health-promoting benefits of plant-based diets.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, Fraser GE. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:791–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Tonstad S, Stewart K, Oda K, Batech M, Herring RP, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutr Metab Cardiovas. 2011:1–8.

  8. Tonstad S, Stewart K, Oda K, Batech M, Herring RP, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23:292–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Scialli AR. A two-year randomized weight loss trial comparing a vegan diet to a more moderate low-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15:2276–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, Turner-McGrievy G, Gloede L, Jaster B, et al. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1777–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Faulkner DA, Nguyen T, Kemp T, Marchie A, et al. Assessment of the longer-term effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods in hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:582–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, Brown SE, Gould KL, Merritt TA, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1998;280:2001–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Esposito K, Kastorini C-M, Panagiotakos D, Giugliano D. Mediterranean diet and metabolic syndrome: An updated systematic review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2013;14:255–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Brand-Miller J, McMillan-Price J, Steinbeck K, Caterson I. Dietary glycemic index: health implications. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009;28(Suppl):446S–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chiang JK, Lin YL, Chen CL, Ouyang CM, Wu YT, Chi YC, et al. Reduced risk for metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance associated with ovo-lacto-vegetarian behavior in female Buddhists: a case–control study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e71799. This was a large study (742 participants) that measured all components of metabolic syndrome and assessed occurrence of metabolic syndrome itself. The study included only women, used a case control design, and examined both International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Rizzo NS, Sabaté J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE. Vegetarian Dietary Patterns Are Associated With a Lower Risk of Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1225–7. This is one of the largest U.S. studies to examine metabolic syndrome occurrence by dietary pattern. This study measured all metabolic risk factors, as well as metabolic syndrome occurrence among three different dietary patterns (vegetarian, semivegetarian, and omnivorous).

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Shang P, Shu Z, Wang Y, Li N, Du S, Sun F, et al. Veganism does not reduce the risk of the metabolic syndrome in a Taiwanese cohort. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011;20:404–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kim M-H, Bae Y. Postmenopausal Vegetarians’ Low Serum Ferritin Level May Reduce the Risk for Metabolic Syndrome. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012;149:34–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gadgil MD, Anderson CA, Kandula NR, Kanaya AM. Dietary patterns in Asian Indians in the United States: an analysis of the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114:238–43. The majority of studies examining association of vegetarian diets with metabolic syndrome have been conducted in Asia, with one study examining mostly non-Asian populations in the U.S. This study is unique in that it examined Asians living in the U.S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sebekova K, Boor P, Valachovicova M, Blazicek P, Parrak V, Babinska K, et al. Association of metabolic syndrome risk factors with selected markers of oxidative status and microinflammation in healthy omnivores and vegetarians. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006;50:858–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Babinska K, Blazicek P, Valachovicova M, Spustova V, Mislanova C, et al. Selected biomarkers of age-related diseases in older subjects with different nutrition. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2011;112:610–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Huang C-J, Fan Y-C, Liu J-F, Tsai P-S. Characteristics and nutrient intake of Taiwanese elderly vegetarians: evidence from a national survey. Br J Nutr. 2011;106:451–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Baxter AJ, Coyne T, McClintock C. Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome–a review of epidemiologic evidence. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006;15:134–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Salas-Salvadó J, Guasch-Ferré M, Bulló M, Sabaté J. Nuts in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014.

  25. Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Mirmiran P, Mirzaei S, Azizi F. Cereal, fruit and vegetable fibre intake and the risk of the metabolic syndrome: a prospective study in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. J Human Nutr Diet. 2014:n/a-n/a.

  26. Barnard ND, Katcher HI, Jenkins DJ, Cohen J, Turner-McGrievy G. Vegetarian and vegan diets in type 2 diabetes management. Nutr Rev. 2009;67:255–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Turner-McGrievy GM, Davidson CR, Wingard EE, Billings DL. Low glycemic index vegan or low calorie weight loss diets for women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study. Nutr Res. 2014.

  28. Park Y, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB. The metabolic syndrome: Prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the us population from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–1994. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:427–36.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, Gloede L, Green AA. Changes in nutrient intake and dietary quality among participants with type 2 diabetes following a low-fat vegan diet or a conventional diabetes diet for 22 weeks. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:1636–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Lanou AJ. Effects of a low-fat vegan diet and a Step II diet on macro- and micronutrient intakes in overweight postmenopausal women. Nutrition. 2004;20:738–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kahleova H, Matoulek M, Malinska H, Oliyarnik O, Kazdova L, Neskudla T, et al. Vegetarian diet improves insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers more than conventional diet in subjects with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2011;28:549–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mishra S, Xu J, Agarwal U, Gonzales J, Levin S, Barnard ND. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a plant-based nutrition program to reduce body weight and cardiovascular risk in the corporate setting: the GEICO study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67:718–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Wadden TA, Neiberg RH, Wing RR, Clark JM, Delahanty LM, Hill JO, et al. Four-Year Weight Losses in the Look AHEAD Study: Factors Associated With Long-Term Success. Obesity. 2011;19:1987–98.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Rizzo NS, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Sabate J, Fraser GE. Nutrient Profiles of Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Dietary Patterns. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2013. This is one of the largest studies to examine differences in nutrient intake by varying levels of plant-based eating styles.

  35. Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Diet and body mass index in 38000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:728–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Turner-McGrievy G, Lanou AJ, Glass J. The effects of a low-fat, plant-based dietary intervention on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Am J Med. 2005;118:991–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature. 2006;444:1027–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature. 2006;444:1022–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Yuliana ND, Korthout H, Wijaya CH, Kim HK, Verpoorte R. Plant-Derived Food Ingredients for Stimulation of Energy Expenditure. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54:373–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Novotny JA, Gebauer SK, Baer DJ. Discrepancy between the Atwater factor predicted and empirically measured energy values of almonds in human diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96:296–301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Riccardi G, Giacco R, Rivellese AA. Dietary fat, insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Nutr. 2004;23:447–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Vessby B. Dietary fat, fatty acid composition in plasma and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003;14:15–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Carlson JJ, Eisenmann JC, Norman GJ, Ortiz KA, Young PC. Dietary Fiber and Nutrient Density Are Inversely Associated with the Metabolic Syndrome in US Adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111:1688–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Clarys P, Deliens T, Huybrechts I, Deriemaeker P, Vanaelst B, De Keyzer W, et al. Comparison of Nutritional Quality of the Vegan, Vegetarian, Semi-Vegetarian. Pesco-Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diet. Nutrients. 2014;6:1318–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Clarys P, Deriemaeker P, Huybrechts I, Hebbelinck M, Mullie P. Dietary pattern analysis: a comparison between matched vegetarian and omnivorous subjects. Nutr J. 2013;12:82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Mishra S, Barnard ND, Gonzales J, Xu J, Agarwal U, Levin S. Nutrient intake in the GEICO multicenter trial: the effects of a multicomponent worksite intervention. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67:1066–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Subar AF, Krebs-Smith SM, Cook A, Kahle LL. Dietary Sources of Nutrients among US Adults, 1989 to 1991. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:537–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Krebs-Smith SM, Cronin FJ, Haytowitz DB, Cook DA. Food sources of energy, macronutrients, cholesterol, and fiber in diets of women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1992;92:168–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Bachman JL, Reedy J, Subar AF, Krebs-Smith SM. Sources of Food Group Intakes among the US Population, 2001–2002. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:804–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Parker L, Burns AC, Sanchez E. Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity. Washington, D.C: The National Academies Press; 2009. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12674 Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council of the National Academies.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, Deckelbaum RJ, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000;102:2284–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Wright JD, Kennedy-Stephenson J, Wang CY, McDowell MA, Johnson CL. Dietary intake of ten key nutrients for public health, United States: 1999–2000. Advance data from vital and health statistics; no. 334. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2003. 2003.

  53. Barnard ND, Gloede L, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, Turner-McGrievy G, Green AA, et al. A low-fat vegan diet elicits greater macronutrient changes, but is comparable in adherence and acceptability, compared with a more conventional diabetes diet among individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:263–72.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Galisteo M, Duarte J, Zarzuelo A. Effects of dietary fibers on disturbances clustered in the metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem. 2008;19:71–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. McKeown NM, Meigs JB, Liu S, Saltzman E, Wilson PWF, Jacques PF. Carbohydrate Nutrition, Insulin Resistance, and the Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:538–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.; 2005.

  57. Grooms KN, Ommerborn MJ, Pham DQ, Djoussé L, Clark CR. Dietary Fiber Intake and Cardiometabolic Risks among US Adults, NHANES 1999–2010. Am J Med. 2013;126:1059–67.e4.

  58. King DE, Mainous Iii AG, Lambourne CA. Trends in Dietary Fiber Intake in the United States, 1999–2008. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112:642–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2012. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 25. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl. Accessed February 10, 2014.

  60. Cotton PA, Subar AF, Friday JE, Cook A. Dietary sources of nutrients among US adults, 1994 to 1996. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:921–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Turner-McGrievy GM, Hales SB, Baum AC. Transitioning to new child-care nutrition policies: nutrient content of preschool menus differs by presence of vegetarian main entree. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114:117–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Esmaillzadeh A, Kimiagar M, Mehrabi Y, Azadbakht L, Hu FB, Willett WC. Fruit and vegetable intakes, C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:1489–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Yoo S, Nicklas T, Baranowski T, Zakeri IF, Yang S-J, Srinivasan SR, et al. Comparison of dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:841–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Davey GK, Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Knox KH, Key TJ. EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public Health Nutr. 2003;6:259–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Farmer B, Larson BT, Fulgoni Iii VL, Rainville AJ, Liepa GU. A Vegetarian Dietary Pattern as a Nutrient-Dense Approach to Weight Management: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111:819–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Haddad EH, Tanzman JS. What do vegetarians in the United States eat? Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:626S–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Barnard N, Levin S, Trapp C. Meat Consumption as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients. 2014;6:897–910.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A. Red Meat Intake Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and the Plasma C-Reactive Protein Concentration in Women. J Nutr. 2009;139:335–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Damiao R, Castro TG, Cardoso MA, Gimeno SG, Ferreira SR, Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study G. Dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome in a cohort of Japanese ancestry. Br J Nutr. 2006;96:532–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Babio N, Sorlí M, Bulló M, Basora J, Ibarrola-Jurado N, Fernández-Ballart J, et al. Association between red meat consumption and metabolic syndrome in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk: Cross-sectional and 1-year follow-up assessment. Nutr Metab Cardiovas. 2012;22:200–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. de Oliveira Otto MC, Alonso A, Lee D-H, Delclos GL, Bertoni AG, Jiang R, et al. Dietary Intakes of Zinc and Heme Iron from Red Meat, but Not from Other Sources, Are Associated with Greater Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease. J Nutr. 2012;142:526–33.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Yoon JH, Linton JA, Koh SB, Kang HT. Serum ferritin concentrations predict incidence of metabolic syndrome in rural Korean adults. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2012;50:2057–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Sun L, Franco OH, Hu FB, Cai L, Yu Z, Li H, et al. Ferritin concentrations, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and elderly chinese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4690–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Lee DH, Folsom AR, Jacobs Jr DR. Dietary iron intake and Type 2 diabetes incidence in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Diabetologia. 2004;47:185–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Tantamango-Bartley Y, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fan J, Fraser G. Vegetarian diets and the incidence of cancer in a low-risk population. Cancer Epidem Biomar. 2013;22:286–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

ᅟ

Conflict of Interest

Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy and Metria Harris declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior Discovery I, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Room 529, Office #552, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA

    Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy

  2. Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA

    Metria Harris

Authors
  1. Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Metria Harris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Diabetes/Cardiovascular Risk

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Turner-McGrievy, G., Harris, M. Key Elements of Plant-Based Diets Associated with Reduced Risk of Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Diab Rep 14, 524 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-014-0524-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-014-0524-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation