Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Hormonal Factors and Disturbances in Eating Disorders

  • Eating Disorders (C Grilo, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Psychiatry Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review summarizes the current state of the literature regarding hormonal correlates of, and etiologic influences on, eating pathology. Several hormones (e.g., ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, PYY, leptin, oxytocin, cortisol) are disrupted during the ill state of eating disorders and likely contribute to the maintenance of core symptoms (e.g., dietary restriction, binge eating) and/or co-occurring features (e.g., mood symptoms, attentional biases). Some of these hormones (e.g., ghrelin, cortisol) may also be related to eating pathology via links with psychological stress. Despite these effects, the role of hormonal factors in the etiology of eating disorders remains unknown. The strongest evidence for etiologic effects has emerged for ovarian hormones, as changes in ovarian hormones predict changes in phenotypic and genetic influences on disordered eating. Future studies would benefit from utilizing etiologically informative designs (e.g., high risk, behavioral genetic) and continuing to explore factors (e.g., psychological, neural responsivity) that may impact hormonal influences on eating pathology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Holsen LM, Lawson EA, Christensen K, Klibanski A, Goldstein JM. Abnormal relationships between the neural response to high- and low-calorie foods and endogenous acylated ghrelin in women with active and weight-recovered anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2014;223:94–103. This fMRI study was the first to show that following exposure to food cues, women with active AN or weight-restored AN exhibit abnormalities in the association between circulating levels of ghrelin and neural activity in food motivation regions.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kojima S, Nakahara T, Nagai N, Muranaga T, Tanaka M, Yasuhara D, et al. Altered ghrelin and peptide YY responses to meals in bulimia nervosa. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;62:74–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Monteleone P, Fabrazzo M, Tortorella A, Martiadis V, Serritella C, Maj M. Circulating ghrelin is decreased in non-obese and obese women with binge eating disorder as well as in obese non-binge eating women, but not in patients with bulimia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005;30:243–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Sedlackova D, Kopeckova J, Papezova H, Hainer V, Kvasnickova H, Hill M, et al. Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and high-protein breakfast effect on plasma ghrelin, obestatin, NPY and PYY levels in women with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9:1186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Devlin MJ, Kissileff HR, Zimmerli EJ, Samuels F, Chen BE, Brown AJ, et al. Gastric emptying and symptoms of bulimia nervosa: effect of a prokinetic agent. Physiol Behav. 2012;106:238–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Sedlackova D, Kopeckova J, Papezova H, Vybiral S, Kvasnickova H, Hill M, et al. Changes of plasma obestatin, ghrelin and NPY in anorexia and bulimia nervosa patients before and after a high-carbohydrate breakfast. Physiol Res. 2011;60:165–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bello NT, Coughlin JW, Redgrave GW, Moran TH, Guarda AS. Oral sensory and cephalic hormonal responses to fat and non-fat liquids in bulimia nervosa. Physiol Behav. 2010;99:611–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Monteleone P, Serritella C, Scognamiglio P, Maj M. Enhanced ghrelin secretion in the cephalic phase of food ingestion in women with bulimia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010;35:284–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Monteleone P, Serritella C, Martiadis V, Scognamiglio P, Maj M. Plasma obestatin, ghrelin, and ghrelin/obestatin ratio are increased in underweight patients with anorexia nervosa but not in symptomatic patients with bulimia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4418–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gluck ME, Yahav E, Hashim SA, Geliebter A. Ghrelin levels after a cold pressor stress test in obese women with binge eating disorder. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:74–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Buss J, Havel PJ, Epel E, Lin J, Blackburn E, Daubenmier J. Associations of ghrelin with eating behaviors, stress, metabolic factors, and telomere length among overweight and obese women: preliminary evidence of attenuated ghrelin effects in obesity? Appetite. 2014;76:84–94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Adamo KB, Wilson SL, Ferraro ZM, Hadjiyannakis S, Doucet É, Goldfield GS. Appetite sensations, appetite signaling proteins, and glucose in obese adolescents with subclinical binge eating disorder. ISRN Obes. 2014;2014:1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Raspopow K, Abizaid A, Matheson K, Anisman H. Psychosocial stressor effects on cortisol and ghrelin in emotional and non-emotional eaters: influence of anger and shame. Horm Behav. 2010;58:677–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Raspopow K, Abizaid A, Matheson K, Anisman H. Anticipation of a psychosocial stressor differentially influences ghrelin, cortisol and food intake among emotional and non-emotional eaters. Appetite. 2014;74:35–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Myhre R, Kratz M, Goldberg J, Polivy J, Melhorn S, Buchwald D, et al. A twin study of differences in the response of plasma ghrelin to a milkshake preload in restrained eaters. Physiol Behav. 2014;129:50–6. This study was novel in that it was the first to utilize a discordant twin design to explore associations between eating pathology (i.e., restrained eating) and levels of appetite-regulating hormones (i.e., ghrelin). Results indicated that only the twin with restrained eating exhibited higher ghrelin concentrations across meals, suggesting that ghrelin disturbances may be a consequence of restrained eating as opposed to an underlying genetic predisposition.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Monteleone P, Tortorella A, Scognamiglio P, Serino I, Monteleone AM, Maj M. The acute salivary ghrelin response to a psychosocial stress is enhanced in symptomatic patients with bulimia nervosa: a pilot study. Neuropsychobiology. 2012;66:230–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hilterscheid E, Laessle R. Stress-induced release of GUT peptides in young women classified as restrained or unrestrained eaters. Eat Weight Disord. 2015;20:435–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Geliebter A, Carnell S, Gluck ME. Cortisol and ghrelin concentrations following a cold pressor stress test in overweight individuals with and without night eating. Int J Obes. 2013;37:1104–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Rouach V, Bloch M, Rosenberg N, Gilad S, Limor R, Stern N, et al. The acute ghrelin response to a psychological stress challenge does not predict the post-stress urge to eat. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007;32:693–702.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cuntz U, Enck P, Frühauf E, Lehnert P, Riepl RL, Fichter MM, et al. Cholecystokinin revisited: CCK and the hunger trap in anorexia nervosa. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e54457.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Keel PK, Wolfe BE, Liddle RA, De Young KP, Jimerson DC. Clinical features and physiological response to a test meal in purging disorder and bulimia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:1058–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Rigamonti AE, Sartorio A, Scognamiglio P, Bini S, Monteleone AM, Mastromo D, et al. Different effects of cholestyramine on postprandial secretions of cholecystokinin and peptide YY in women with bulimia nervosa. Neuropsychobiology. 2014;70:228–34. Recognizing that bile salts have modulatory effects on the postprandial secretion of CCK and PYY, particularly in response to a high fat meal, this study experimentally controlled for bile salt concentrations in patients with BN and controls. Impairments in CCK function in patients with BN were only detected when the confounding effects of bile salts were pharmacologically controlled for.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hannon-Engel SL, Filin EE, Wolfe BE. CCK response in bulimia nervosa and following remission. Physiol Behav. 2013;122:56–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Dossat AM, Bodell LP, Williams DL, Eckel LA, Keel PK. Preliminary examination of glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in women with purging disorder and bulimia nervosa: purging disorder and bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48:199–205.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Geliebter A, Ochner CN, Aviram-Friedman R. Appetite-related gut peptides in obesity and binge eating disorder. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2008;2:305–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Lawson EA, Eddy KT, Donoho D, Misra M, Miller KK, Meenaghan E, et al. Appetite-regulating hormones cortisol and peptide YY are associated with disordered eating psychopathology, independent of body mass index. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164:253–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Martins C, Robertson MD, Morgan LM. Impact of restraint and disinhibition on PYY plasma levels and subjective feelings of appetite. Appetite. 2010;55:208–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lawson EA, Holsen LM, Santin M, Meenaghan E, Eddy KT, Becker AE, et al. Oxytocin secretion is associated with severity of disordered eating psychopathology and insular cortex hypoactivation in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E1898–908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Monteleone P, Martiadis V, Fabrazzo M, Serritella C, Maj M. Ghrelin and leptin responses to food ingestion in bulimia nervosa: implications for binge-eating and compensatory behaviours. Psychol Med. 2003;33:1387–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Geliebter A, Gluck ME, Hashim SA. Plasma ghrelin concentrations are lower in binge-eating disorder. J Nutr. 2005;135:1326–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Miller R, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Shomaker LB, Field SE, Hannallah L, Reina SA, et al. Serum leptin and loss of control eating in children and adolescents. Int J Obes. 2014;38:397–403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Adami G, Campostano A, Cella F, Ferrandes G. Serum leptin level and restrained eating: study with the eating disorder examination. Physiol Behav. 2002;75:189–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sabatier N, Leng G, Menzies J. Oxytocin, feeding, and satiety. Front Endocrinol. 2013;4:1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Lawson EA, Holsen LM, Santin M, DeSanti R, Meenaghan E, Eddy KT, et al. Postprandial oxytocin secretion is associated with severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:e451–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Kim Y-R, Kim C-H, Cardi V, Eom J-S, Seong Y, Treasure J. Intranasal oxytocin attenuates attentional bias for eating and fat shape stimuli in patients with anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014;44:133–42. This study was the first to explore the impact of oxytocin on attentional processes for eating and body-related stimuli in women with AN. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subject crossover design, data highlighted that experimental administration of intranasal oxytocin reduces attentional vigilance towards food and negative body shape stimuli in patients with AN.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Fichter M, Pirke K. Effect of experimental and pathological weight loss upon the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1986;11:295–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Pike KM, Wilfley D, Hilbert A, Fairburn CG, Dohm F-A, Striegel-Moore RH. Antecedent life events of binge-eating disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2006;142:19–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Welch SL, Doll HA, Fairburn CG. Life events and the onset of bulimia nervosa: a controlled study. Psychol Med. 1997;27:515–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Smyth JM, Wonderlich SA, Heron KE, Sliwinski MJ, Crosby RD, Mitchell JE, et al. Daily and momentary mood and stress are associated with binge eating and vomiting in bulimia nervosa patients in the natural environment. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75:629–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fichter MM, Pirke K-M, Holsboer F. Weight loss causes neuroendocrine disturbance: experimental study in healthy starving subjects. Psychiatry Res. 1986;17:61–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lawson EA, Holsen LM, DeSanti R, Santin M, Meenaghan E, Herzog DB, et al. Increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal drive is associated with decreased appetite and hypoactivation of food-motivation neurocircuitry in anorexia nervosa. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169:639–47. This study demonstrated that greater cortisol levels were associated with lower homeostatic and hedonic hunger ratings in low-weight and weight-recovered women with AN and healthy controls. Further, cortisol levels predicted significant between-group variance in neural activation in food- and emotion-related brain regions in an fMRI task.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Kaye WH, Gwirtsman HE, George DT. The effect of bingeing and vomiting on hormonal secretion. Biol Psychiatry. 1989;25:768–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Weltzin TE, McConaha C, McKee M, Hsu LG, Perel J, Kaye WH. Circadian patterns of cortisol, prolactin, and growth hormonal secretion during bingeing and vomiting in normal weight bulimic patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;30:37–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Larsen JK, van Ramshorst B, van Doornen LJP, Geenen R. Salivary cortisol and binge eating disorder in obese women after surgery for morbid obesity. Int J Behav Med. 2009;16:311–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Lavagnino L, Amianto F, Parasiliti Caprino M, Maccario M, Arvat E, Ghigo E, et al. Urinary cortisol and psychopathology in obese binge eating subjects. Appetite. 2014;83:112–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Elran-Barak R, Sztainer M, Goldschmidt AB, Crow SJ, Peterson CB, Hill LL, et al. Dietary restriction behaviors and binge eating in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: trans-diagnostic examination of the restraint model. Eat Behav. 2015;18:192–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Fries E, Dettenborn L, Kirschbaum C. The cortisol awakening response (CAR): facts and future directions. Int J Psychophysiol. 2009;72:67–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Monteleone P, Scognamiglio P, Monteleone AM, Perillo D, Maj M. Cortisol awakening response in patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa: relationships to sensitivity to reward and sensitivity to punishment. Psychol Med. 2014;44:2653–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Oskis A, Loveday C, Hucklebridge F, Thorn L, Clow A. Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol and DHEA in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Stress. 2012;15:601–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Wild B, Wesche D, Schultz J-H, Stroe-Kunold E, Herzog W, Rudofsky G, et al. Trajectories of the cortisol awakening responses during weight gain in anorexia nervosa patients with severe and less severe symptoms. Int J Psychophysiol. 2014;94:272–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Monteleone AM, Monteleone P, Serino I, Scognamiglio P, Di Genio M, Maj M. Childhood trauma and cortisol awakening response in symptomatic patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: childhood trauma and HPA axis in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48:615–21. This study was novel because it examined the impact of childhood trauma on the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in patients with AN and BN. As expected, the CAR differed in eating disorder patients based on prior history of maltreatment. Although non-maltreated individuals with AN and BN had greater and similar CARs to control participants, respectively, both groups of maltreated patients had significantly blunted CARs compared to the non-maltreated groups.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Zoccola P, Woody A. Cortisol. In: Wenzel AE, editor. The SAGE encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology thousand oaks, CA: Sage; in press.

  54. Het S, Vocks S, Wolf JM, Hammelstein P, Herpertz S, Wolf OT. Blunted neuroendocrine stress reactivity in young women with eating disorders. J Psychosom Res. 2015;78:260–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Rosenberg N, Bloch M, Ben Avi I, Rouach V, Schreiber S, Stern N, et al. Cortisol response and desire to binge following psychological stress: comparison between obese subjects with and without binge eating disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2013;208:156–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ginty AT, Phillips AC, Higgs S, Heaney JLJ, Carroll D. Disordered eating behaviour is associated with blunted cortisol and cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37:715–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Van Strien T, Roelofs K, de Weerth C. Cortisol reactivity and distress-induced emotional eating. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38:677–84. This study aimed to test a theoretical model of emotional eating by examining the relationship between cortisol reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test and subsequent food intake in individuals high and low on emotional eating. As predicted, low cortisol reactivity, which is thought to reflect chronic stress exposure, was associated with greater food intake, but only in participants with high emotional eating scores.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Baker JH, Girlder SS, Bulik CM. The role of reproductive hormones in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2012;7:573–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Edler C, Lipson SF, Keel PK. Ovarian hormones and binge eating in bulimia nervosa. Psychol Med. 2007;37:131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Klump KL, Keel PK, Culbert KM, Edler C. Ovarian hormones and binge eating: exploring associations in community samples. Psychol Med. 2008;38:1749.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Klump KL, Keel PK, Racine SE, Burt SA, Neale M, Sisk CL, et al. The interactive effects of estrogen and progesterone on changes in emotional eating across the menstrual cycle. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122:131–7. This study extended prior work on ovarian hormone effects on dysregulated eating across the menstrual cycle by highlighting significant interactive effects between estrogen and progesterone on within-person changes in emotional eating; such interactive effects also explain observed midluteal increases in dysregulated eating given that this hormonal milieu is characterized by the peak in progesterone and a secondary peak in estradiol.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Klump KL, Racine SE, Hildebrandt B, Burt SA, Neale M, Sisk CL, et al. Influences of ovarian hormones on dysregulated eating: a comparison of associations in women with versus women without binge episodes. Clin Psychol Sci. 2014;2:545–59.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Hildebrandt BA, Racine SE, Keel PK, Burt SA, Neale M, Boker S, et al. The effects of ovarian hormones and emotional eating on changes in weight preoccupation across the menstrual cycle: weight preoccupation across the menstrual cycle. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48:477–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Klump KL, Keel PK, Burt SA, Racine SE, Neale MC, Sisk CL, et al. Ovarian hormones and emotional eating associations across the menstrual cycle: an examination of the potential moderating effects of body mass index and dietary restraint. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46:256–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Racine SE, Keel PK, Burt SA, Sisk CL, Neale M, Boker S, et al. Individual differences in the relationship between ovarian hormones and emotional eating across the menstrual cycle: a role for personality? Eat Behav. 2013;14:161–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Klump KL, Keel PK, Sisk C, Burt SA. Preliminary evidence that estradiol moderates genetic influences on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors during puberty. Psychol Med. 2010;40:1745–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Klump KL, Hildebrandt BA, O’Connor SM, Keel PK, Neale M, Sisk CL, et al. Changes in genetic risk for emotional eating across the menstrual cycle: a longitudinal study. Psychol Med. 2015;45:3227–37. This study examined, for the first time, within-person changes in genetic risk for eating pathology (i.e., emotional eating) across the menstrual cycle. Findings indicated that genetic influences on emotional eating were two times higher during the post-ovulatory period (characterized by high estradiol and progesterone) as compared to pre-ovulation (characterized by high estradiol and low progesterone).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Becker JB. Sexual differentiation of motivation: a novel mechanism? Horm Behav. 2009;55:646–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Ostlund H, Keller E, Hurd YL. Estrogen receptor gene expression in relation to neuropsychiatric disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;1007:54–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Monteleone P, Luisi M, Colurcio B, Casarosa E, Monteleone P, Ioime R, et al. Plasma levels of neuroactive steroids are increased in untreated women with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:62–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Sundblad C, Bergman L, Eriksson E. High levels of free testosterone in women with bulimia nervosa. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90:397–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Miller K, Wexler T, Zha A, Lawson E, Meenaghan E, Misra M, et al. Androgen deficiency: association with increased anxiety and depression symptom severity in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:959–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Miller K, Grieco KA, Kilbanski A. Testosterone administration in women with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;90:1428–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hildebrandt T, Grotzinger A, Schulz K. Anorexia nervosa, emotional go/no-go, and the distinct effect of testosterone: disinhibition and androgens in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49:69–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Culbert KM, Burt SA, Sisk CL, Nigg JT, Klump KL. The effects of circulating testosterone and pubertal maturation on risk for disordered eating symptoms in adolescent males. Psychol Med. 2014;44:2271–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Culbert KM, Breedlove SM, Sisk CL, Burt SA, Klump KL. The emergence of sex differences in risk for disordered eating attitudes during puberty. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122:420–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Culbert KM, Breedlove SM, Sisk CL, Keel PK, Neale MC, Boker SM, et al. Age differences in prenatal testosterone’s protective effects on disordered eating symptoms: developmental windows of expression? Behav Neurosci. 2015;129:18–36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway (Mail Stop: 5030), Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA

    Kristen M. Culbert

  2. Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA

    Sarah E. Racine

  3. Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

    Kelly L. Klump

Authors
  1. Kristen M. Culbert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sarah E. Racine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kelly L. Klump
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kristen M. Culbert.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Eating Disorders

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Culbert, K.M., Racine, S.E. & Klump, K.L. Hormonal Factors and Disturbances in Eating Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 18, 65 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0701-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0701-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation