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Molecular Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms of Retinoids and Carotenoids in Alzheimer’s Disease: a Review of Current Evidence

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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered as one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive loss of mental function and ability to learn. AD is a multifactorial disorder. Various hypotheses are suggested for the pathophysiology of AD including “Aβ hypothesis,” “tau hypothesis,” and “cholinergic hypothesis.” Recently, it has been demonstrated that neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Neuroinflammation causes synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death within the brain. Excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators induces Aβ peptide production/accumulation and hyperphosphorylated tau generating inflammatory molecules and cytokines. These inflammatory molecules disrupt blood–brain barrier integrity and increase the production of Aβ42 oligomers. Retinoids and carotenoids are potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents having neuroprotective properties. They are able to prevent disease progression through several mechanisms such as suppression of Aβ peptide production/accumulation, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory mediator’s secretion as well as improvement of cognitive performance. These observations, therefore, confirm the neuroprotective role of retinoids and carotenoids through multiple pathways. Therefore, the administration of these nutrients is considered as a promising approach to the prevention and/or treatment of AD in the future. The aim of this review is to present existing evidences regarding the beneficial effects of retinoids and carotenoids on AD’s risk and outcomes, seeking the mechanism of their action.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance received by Mrs. Margaret Clarke from the School of Medicine, Western Sydney University who kindly edited of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar, Ahmad Saedisomeolia, Mina Abdolahi & Amir Shayeganrad

  2. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia

    Ahmad Saedisomeolia & Gerald Muench

  3. School of Molecular Bioscience, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Ahmad Saedisomeolia

  4. Department of Biology, East Tehran Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Gholamreza Taheri Sangsari

  5. Azad University of Karaj, Karaj, Iran

    Babak Hassanzadeh Rad

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  1. Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar
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Mohammadzadeh Honarvar, N., Saedisomeolia, A., Abdolahi, M. et al. Molecular Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms of Retinoids and Carotenoids in Alzheimer’s Disease: a Review of Current Evidence. J Mol Neurosci 61, 289–304 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-016-0857-x

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