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Roles of Prokineticin 2 in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Early Brain Injury via Regulation of Phenotype Polarization in Astrocytes

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A Correction to this article was published on 04 April 2024

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Abstract

Previous studies have postulated that neuroinflammation can induce two different types of reactive astrocytes, A1 and A2. A1 astrocytes may be harmful, whereas A2 astrocytes may be protective. Specifically, prokineticin 2 (PK2) has been shown to regulate neuron–astrocyte signaling mechanism by promoting an alternative A2-protective phenotype in astrocytes. This study aimed to examine the role of PK2 in early brain injury (EBI) caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). SAH-induced astrocytic activation was confirmed by Western blotting. We confirmed C3 and PTX3 as appropriate reactivity markers for discriminating A1 and A2 astrocytes, respectively. We also observed SAH-induced astrocytic activation in SAH patients. The increase of PK2 in neurons after SAH in both humans and rats suggested a possible relationship between PK2 and SAH pathology. PK2 knockdown promoted an A1 astrocytic phenotype with upregulation of neurodegenerative indicators, while intravascular injection of recombinant PK2 (rPK2) promoted A2 astrocytic phenotype and reduced SAH-induced neuronal injury and behavioral dysfunction. Finally, we identified that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was sufficient to elevate the protein level of PK2 in neurons and enhance astrocytic activation in vitro. Moreover, rPK2 selectively promoted astrocytic polarization to an A2 phenotype under a TNF-α stimulus and induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), suggesting that SAH-induced increases in PK2 may function as an endogenous mechanism for self-repair. Collectively, our findings support that enhancing PK2 expression or administration of rPK2 may induce a selective modulation of astrocytic polarization to a protective phenotype following SAH-like stimuli.

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Funding

This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1312600, 2018YFC1312601, and 2017YFC0110304), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81830036, 81771255, 81771254, 81873741), Project of Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Team (CXTDA2017003), Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Talent (ZDRCA2016040), Jiangsu Provincial Medical Youth Talent (QNRC2016728), Suzhou Key Medical Centre (Szzx201501), Scientific Department of Jiangsu Province (BE2017656), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20170363 and BK20180204), Suzhou Science and Technology (SS2019056), Jiangsu Commission of Health (K2019001), Gusu health personnel training project (GSWS2019030), and grants from the Suzhou Government (SYS2019045 and KJXW2017029).

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  1. Mian Ma and Haiying Li contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China

    Mian Ma, Haiying Li, Jiang Wu, Haitao Shen, Xiang Li, Zhong Wang & Gang Chen

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China

    Mian Ma

  3. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China

    Yunhai Zhang

  4. Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China

    Zhong Wang & Gang Chen

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Contributions

Gang Chen and Zhong Wang conceived and designed the study, including quality assurance and control. Mian Ma and Haiying Li performed the experiments and wrote the paper. Jiang Wu designed the study’s analytic strategy. Yunhai Zhang helped conduct the literature review and prepare the “Materials and Methods” section in the text. Haitao Shen and Xiang Li reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zhong Wang or Gang Chen.

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Ma, M., Li, H., Wu, J. et al. Roles of Prokineticin 2 in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Early Brain Injury via Regulation of Phenotype Polarization in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 57, 3744–3758 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-01990-7

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