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Real-Time Associations Between Engaging in Leisure and Daily Health and Well-Being

  • Original Article
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Annals of Behavioral Medicine

Abstract

Background

Engagement in leisure has a wide range of beneficial health effects. Yet, this evidence is derived from between-person methods that do not examine the momentary within-person processes theorized to explain leisure’s benefits.

Purpose

This study examined momentary relationships between leisure and health and well-being in daily life.

Methods

A community sample (n = 115) completed ecological momentary assessments six times a day for three consecutive days. At each measurement, participants indicated if they were engaging in leisure and reported on their mood, interest/boredom, and stress levels. Next, participants collected a saliva sample for cortisol analyses. Heart rate was assessed throughout the study.

Results

Multilevel models revealed that participants had more positive and less negative mood, more interest, less stress, and lower heart rate when engaging in leisure than when not.

Conclusions

Results suggest multiple mechanisms explaining leisure’s effectiveness, which can inform leisure-based interventions to improve health and well-being.

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Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors, Matthew J. Zawadzki, Joshua M. Smyth, and Heather J. Costigan, have no conflict of interest to disclose.

Ethical Adherence Statement

The research was conducted in compliance with the American Medical Association and the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, 95343, USA

    Matthew J. Zawadzki Ph.D.

  2. Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16802, USA

    Joshua M. Smyth Ph.D. & Heather J. Costigan B.S.

Authors
  1. Matthew J. Zawadzki Ph.D.
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  2. Joshua M. Smyth Ph.D.
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  3. Heather J. Costigan B.S.
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Matthew J. Zawadzki Ph.D. or Joshua M. Smyth Ph.D..

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Zawadzki, M.J., Smyth, J.M. & Costigan, H.J. Real-Time Associations Between Engaging in Leisure and Daily Health and Well-Being. ann. behav. med. 49, 605–615 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9694-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9694-3

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