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Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 near Semi-Urban Residential-Industrial Areas

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Abstract

This study aims to determine the concentrations of the trace metals (TM) and water soluble inorganic ions (WSII) of the PM2.5 pollutant collected in the suburban industrial-residential airshed during the southwest (SW), inter-monsoon (IM) and northeast (NE) monsoons in Skudai, Johor Bahru. The PM2.5 samples were collected using the MiniVol™ portable air sampler equipped with filter paper. The TM and WSII of PM2.5 were determined by using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography (IC), respectively. The sources of the PM2.5 composition were determined using the Positive Matrix factorisation (PMF) and the origin of the measured air-masses were determined by the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT). The results show that the major TM identified were Fe > Ba > Zn > Mg > Al. Meanwhile for the WSII, the major contributor was the secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA); NO3−, SO42− and NH4+. The six predominant sources identified were (1) mineral dust pollution (4.2%), (2) source of mixed road dust and biomass burning (18.1%), (3) mixed secondary inorganic aerosol and road dust emission (18.1%), (4) emission of the non-combustion traffic source (25.4%), (5) industrial emission (18.1%) and (6) undefined (16.1%).

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Data Availability

The data and materials generated and analyzed in this published article are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This research is assisted with the financial support from the research university GUP TIER II grants (Q.J130000.2622.14J61, Q.J130000.2722.02K82 and Q.J130000.2622.02J54) and FRGS grant (R.J130000.7822.4F984) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

    Nadhira Dahari, Khalida Muda & Norelyza Hussein

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Md Firoz Khan

  3. School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Mohd. Talib Latif

  4. Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia

    Doreena Dominick

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  1. Nadhira Dahari
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  2. Khalida Muda
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  3. Md Firoz Khan
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  4. Mohd. Talib Latif
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  5. Norelyza Hussein
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  6. Doreena Dominick
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Contributions

Nadhira Dahari: Conceptualization; write and analysis; Khalida Muda: Supervision and edit; Md Firoz Khan: Conceptualization, software and methodology; Mohd Talib Latif: Validation, review and edit; Norelyza Hussein: Supervision and edit; Doreena Dominick: Validation and review.

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Correspondence to Khalida Muda.

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Dahari, N., Muda, K., Khan, M.F. et al. Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 near Semi-Urban Residential-Industrial Areas. Expo Health 14, 149–170 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00425-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00425-5

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