Abstract
With the advent of mining activities at Raniganj coalfield in India, the natural topography has been defaced in some elongated tracts by either excavation or dumping. This paper deals with opencast mining induced defaced topography of Raniganj coalfield, which needs to be reclaimed properly right after mining. This paper investigated intensity of defacing topography, magnitude of topographic deformations through a number of ex-situ measurement. Consequences of these topographic deformations are also investigated in this study. Through a number of ex-situ measurement based on Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques, generating contour and profiling them over the spoil dumps and excavated lows using fine resolution digital elevation data (Remote Sensing image), a total 132 (85 are abandoned and 47 are working) patches of defaced topography have been identified, which covers 43.26 sq km. surface area. Some working opencast quarries are more than 95 m deep, with an area of more than 2.4 sq km and dumped ridges are more than 60 m high (peak), with area more than 1.5 sq km. In case of abandoned mine (more than 20 years) some quarries are more than 28 m deep with area 0.99 sq km. and some of dumped ridges are more than 28 m high (peak), with area 0.29 sq km. These kinds of defaced surface remain for a long time, such quarries contain acidic logged water and spoil dump leads to acid mine drainage and erosion of loose soil particle. It deteriorates the entire land, water system of the region. The study suggests restoring land right after mining and the area made to be ecologically conformable.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Annual Report of ECL (2010–2011). http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/annualreport/annualreport10-11.pdf
Banerjee, S. K., Mishra, T. K., Singh, A. K., & Jain, A. (2004). Impact of plantation on Ecosystem development in disturbed coal mine overburden spoils. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 16(3), 294–307.
Bradshaw, A. D., & Chadwick, M. J. (1980). The restoration of land: The ecology and reclamation of derelict and degraded land. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 317.
Chen, Y., & Li, D. (2009). Monitoring of landscape change for waste land rehabilitation in Haizhou opencast coal mine. WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications, 6(3), 447–456.
De, S., & Mitra, A. K. (2002). Reclamation of mining-generated wastelands at Alkusha-Gopalpur abandoned open cast project, Raniganj Coalfield, eastern India. Environmental Geology, 43(39), 47.
Dentoni, V., & Massacci, G. (2007). Visibility of surface mining and impact perception. International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 21(1), 6–13.
Dutta, R. K., & Agrawal, M. (2002). Effect of tree plantations on the soil characteristics and microbial activity of coal mine spoil land. Tropical Ecology, 43(2), 315–324.
Dutta, R. K., & Dutta, A. B. (2003). Coal resource of West Bengal. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of India, Series A, 7(45), 109.
Ekka, J. N., & Behera, N. (2011). Species composition and diversity of vegetation developing on an age series of coal mine spoil in an open cast coal field in Orissa, India. Tropical Ecology, 52(3), 337–343.
Ghose, M. K. (1996). Damage of land due to coal mining and conservation of topsoil for land reclamation. Environment and Ecology, 14(2), 466–468.
Ghosh, A. K. (1990). Mining in 2000 AD—challenges for India. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), 39(ii), 1–11.
Kainthola, A., Verma, D., Gupte, S. S., & Singh, T. N. (2011). A coal mine dump stability analysis—a case study. Geomaterials, 1(1), 13.
Khan, I., & Javed, A. (2012). Spatio-temporal land cover dynamics in open cast coal mine area of Singrauli, M.P., India. Journal of Geographic Information System, 4, 521–529.
Kuenzer, C., & Stracher, G. B. (2012). Geomorphology of coal seam fires. Geomorphology, 138(209), 222.
Melnikov, N., & Chesnokov, M. (1969). Safety in opencast mining. Moscow: Mir Publishers.
Mukhopadhyay, S., & Maiti, S. K. (2011). Trace metal accumulation and natural mycorrhizal colonisation in an afforested coalmine overburden dump: a case study from India. International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 25(2), 187–207.
Muthreja, I. L., Yerpude, R. R., & Jethwa, J. L. (2012). Application of geo-grid reinforcement techniques for improving waste dump stability in surface coal mines: numerical modeling and physical modeling. International Journal of Engineering Inventions, 1(1), 16–23.
Niroula, G. S., & Thapa, G. B. (2005). Impacts and causes of land fragmentation, and lessons learned from land rehabilitation in South Asia. Journal Land Use Policy, 22(4), 358–372.
Otte, M. L., & Jacob, D. L. (2008). Mine area remediation [M] (pp. 2397–2402). London: Academic.
Samanta, B. K. (2000). Environmental issues and management in coalfields of India. In: A. G. Paithankar, R. K. Jha, & P. K. Agarwal (Eds.), Geoenviromental reclaimation, International Symposium (pp. 67–73). Nagpur, India. ISBN 90-5809-219-4.
Schroeder, S. A. (1987). Slope gradient effect on erosion of reshaped spoil. Soil Science Society of America, 51(405), 409.
Shadhu, K., Adhikari, K., & Gangopadhyay, A. (2012). Effect of mine spoil on native soil of Lower Gondwana coal fields: Raniganj coal mines areas, India. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2(3), 1675–1687.
Singh, A. N., & Singh, J. S. (2006). Experiments on ecological restoration of coal mine spoil using native trees in a dry tropical environment, India: a synthesis. New Forest, 31(25), 39.
Singh, M. P., Singh, J. K., & Mhonka, K. (2007). Forest environment and biodiversity (p. 568). Richardson: Diya Publishing.
Taylor, T. J., Agouridis, C. T., Warner, R. C., & Barton, C. D. (2009). Runoff curve numbers for loose-dumped spoil in the Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky. International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 23(2), 103–120.
Wali, M. K. (1987). The structure dynamics and rehabilitation of drastically disturbed ecosystems. In T. N. Khoshoo (Ed.), Perspectives in environmental management (pp. 163–183). New Delhi: Oxford Publications.
Ward, A., Smith, A., & Caldwell, J. (1984). Surface erosion and sediment control at opencast mines in southern Africa. Challenges in African Hydrology and Water Resources. Proceedings of the Harare Symposium IAHS Publ. no. 144.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for the financial support (research fellowship). The authors record indebtedness to Eastern Coalfield Limited (ECL) for providing data access and cooperation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Manna, A., Maiti, R. Opencast Coal Mining Induced Defaced Topography of Raniganj Coalfield in India - Remote Sensing and GIS Based Analysis. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 42, 755–764 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-014-0363-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-014-0363-y