Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Computational and Experimental Studies on the Effect Back Pressure on Twist Extrusion Process

  • Published:
Metals and Materials International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the current study, aluminium 6063 alloy (AA6063) was successfully gain refined by twist extrusion (TE) technique. TE is a representative severe plastic deformation process to fabricate ultrafine-grained in bulk materials by repetitive passes. In order to investigate the influence of back pressure, a direct extrusion (DE) channel was embedded after the twist zone and the behavior of AA6063 was investigated and compared with and without this channel. Analyzing microstructural evolutions by scanning electron microscope and Vickers microhardness evaluations showed that, adding the DE channel increased the hardness distribution and a more homogenous structure was obtained. Finite element analysis was utilized to study the distribution of the equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) numerically. According to the obtained results, with applying the TE process, strain increase was observed all over the sample surface, whereas modeling the DE channel after the twist zone caused a better homogeneity in the PEEQ distribution of the transverse cross-section. The PEEQ distribution during TE process can be correlated to the extent of grain refinement and the uniformity of ultrafine grains. This method seems to be very interesting and very promising for the future industrial application.

Graphic Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R.Z. Valiev, Developing SPD methods for processing bulk nanostructured materials with enhanced properties. Met. Mater. Int. 7(5), 413–420 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. M.S. Kim, S.C. Kwon, S.T. Kim, S. Lee, H.T. Jeong, S.H. Choi, Effect of forging type on the deformation heterogeneities in multi-axial diagonal forged AA1100. Met. Mater. Int. 25(3), 779–793 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Y. Qi, R. Lapovok, Y. Estrin, Microstructure and electrical conductivity of aluminium/steel bimetallic rods processed by severe plastic deformation. J. Mater. Sci. 51(14), 6860–6875 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. J.A. Munoz, O.F. Higuera, J.A. Benito, D. Bradai, T. Khelfa, R.E. Bolmaro, A.M. Jorge Jr., J.M. Cabrera, Analysis of the micro and substructural evolution during severe plastic deformation of ARMCO iron and consequences in mechanical properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 740–741, 108–120 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Sarkari-Khorrami, N. Saito, Y. Miyashita, M. Kondo, Texture variations and mechanical properties of aluminum during severe plastic deformation and friction stir processing with SiC nanoparticles. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 744, 349–364 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. I. Balasundar, T. Raghu, On the die design for repetitive upsetting—extrusion (RUE) process. Int. J. Mater. Form. 6, 289–301 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. J.M. Molina-Aldareguia, M.T. Perez-Prado, R.Z. Valiev, I.P. Semenova, I. Sabirov, High strength ultra-fine grained titanium produced via a novel SPD processing route. Int. J. Mater. Form. 3, 407–410 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. R.B. Figueiredo, G.C.V. De Faria, P.R. Cetlin, T.G. Langdon, Three-dimensional analysis of plastic flow during high-pressure torsion. J. Mater. Sci. 48(13), 4524–4532 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. B.P. Ho, H.Y. Um, J.G. Kim, H.Y. Jeong, S. Lee, H.S. Kim, Large deformation behavior of twin-induced plasticity steels under high-pressure torsion. Met. Mater. Int. 22(6), 1003–1008 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. J. Vratna, M. Janecek, J. Cizek, D.J. Lee, E.Y. Yoon, H.S. Kim, Mechanical properties and microstructure evolution in ultrafine-grained AZ31 alloy processed by severe plastic deformation. J. Mater. Sci. 48(13), 4705–4712 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Y. Beygelzimer, A. Reshetov, S. Synkov, O. Prokofeva, R. Kulagin, Kinematics of metal flow during twist extrusion investigated with a new experimental method. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209, 3650–3656 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Y. Beygelzimer, R. Kulagin, Y. Estrin, L.S. Toth, H.S. Kim, M.I. Latypov, Twist extrusion as a potent tool for obtaining advanced engineering materials: a review. Adv. Eng. Mater. 19(8), 1–24 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Y. Beygelzimer, R. Kulagin, M.I. Latypov, V. Varyukhin, H.S. Kim, Off-axis twist extrusion for uniform processing of round bars. Met. Mater. Int. 21(4), 734–740 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Y. Beygelzimer, V. Varyukhin, S. Synkov, Shear, vortices, and mixing during twist extrusion. Int. J. Mater. Form. 1, 443–446 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. R. Kulagin, M.I. Latypov, H.S. Kim, V. Varyukhin, Y. Beygelzimer, Cross flow during twist extrusion: theory, experiment, and application. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 44a, 3211–3220 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Hasani, R. Lapovok, L.S. Tóth, A. Molinari, Deformation field variations in equal channel angular extrusion due to back pressure. Scr. Mater. 58, 771–774 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M.I. Latypov, I.V. Alexandrov, Y.E. Beygelzimer, S. Lee, H.S. Kim, Finite element analysis of plastic deformation in twist extrusion. Comput. Mater. Sci. 60, 194–200 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. R. Kocich, A. Machackova, L. Kuncicka, Twist channel multi-angular pressing (TCMAP) as a new SPD process: numerical and experimental study. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 612, 445–455 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Y. Beygelzimer, D. Prilepo, R. Kulagin, V. Grishaev, O. Abramova, V. Varyukhin, M. Kulakov, Planar twist extrusion versus twist extrusion. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 211, 522–529 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. S.A.A.A. Mousavi, A.R. Shahab, M. Mastoori, Computational study of Ti–6Al–4V flow behaviors during the twist extrusion process. Mater. Des. 29, 1316–1329 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. F. Javadzadeh-Kalahroudi, A.R. Eivani, H.R. Jafarian, A. Amouri, R. Gholizadeh, Inhomogeneity in strain, microstructure and mechanical properties of AA1050 alloy during twist extrusion. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 667, 349–357 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. S.V. Noor, A.R. Eivani, H.R. Jafarian, M. Mirzaei, Inhomogeneity in microstructure and mechanical properties during twist extrusion. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 652, 186–191 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Y. Yuan, A. Ma, X. Gou, J. Jiang, F. Lu, D. Song, Y. Zhu, Superior mechanical properties of ZK60 mg alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing and rolling. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 630, 45–50 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. M.I.A.E. Aal, H.Y. Um, E.Y. Yoon, H.S. Kim, Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of pure aluminum deformed by equal channel angular pressing and direct extrusion in one step through an integrated die. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 625, 252–263 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. J.G. Kim, M. Latypov, N. Pardis, Y.E. Beygelzimer, H.S. Kim, Finite element analysis of the plastic deformation in tandem process of simple shear extrusion and twist extrusion. Mater. Des. 83, 858–865 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. J.A. Munoz, M. Avalos, R.E. Bolmaro, Heterogeneity of strain path, texture and microstructure evolution of AA6063-T6 processed by equal channel angular sheet extrusion (ECASE). J. Alloys Compd. 768, 349–357 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. S.K. Panigrahi, R. Jayaganthan, V. Pancholi, Effect of plastic deformation conditions on microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of 6063 Al alloy. Mater. Des. 30, 1894–1901 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. S.S. Lokesh-Vendra, S. Goel, N. Kumar, R. Jayaganthan, A study on fracture toughness and strain rate sensitivity of severely deformed Al 6063 alloys processed by multiaxial forging and rolling at cryogenic temperature. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 686, 82–92 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. G. Faraji, S. Roostae, A.S. Nosrati, J.Y. Kang, H.S. Kim, Microstructure and mechanical properties of ultra-fine-grained Al–Mg–Si tubes produced by parallel tubular channel angular pressing process. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 46(4), 1805–1813 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. S. Karabay, M. Zeren, M. Yilmaz, Investigation extrusion ratio effect on mechanical behaviour of extruded alloy AA-6063. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 135, 101–108 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Y. Wu, H. Liao, Corrosion Behavior of extruded near eutectic Al–Si–Mg and 6063 alloys. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 29, 380–386 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. I. Sabirov, M.T. Perez-Prado, M. Murashkin, J.M. Molina-Aldareguia, E.V. Bobruk, N.F. Yunusova, R.Z. Valiev, Application of equal channel angular pressing with parallel channels for grain for refinement in aluminium alloys and its effect on deformation behavior. Int. J. Mater. Form. 3, 411–414 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. M. Khadyko, D. Morin, T. Borvik, O.S. Hopperstad, Tensile ductility of extruded aluminium alloy AA6063 in different tempers. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 744, 500–511 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. L.R. Zeng, Z.M. Song, X.M. Wu, C.H. Li, G.P. Zhang, Room-temperature workability of 6063 alloy for fitting clamps of overhead conductor lines. Mater. Des. 65, 187–192 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. M. Das, G. Das, M. Ghosh, M. Wegner, V. Rajnikant, S. Ghosh-chowdhury, T.K. Pal, Microstructures and mechanical properties of HPT processed 6063 Al alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 558, 525–532 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. M. Samaee, S. Najafi, A.R. Eivani, H.R. Jafarian, J. Zhou, Simultaneous improvements of the strength and ductility of fine-grained AA6063 alloy with increasing number of ECAP passes. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 669, 350–357 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. SCh Yoon, A.V. Nagasekhar, H.S. Kim, Finite element analysis of the bending behavior of a workpiece in equal channel angular pressing. Met. Mater. Int. 15(2), 215–219 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. H.H. Lee, W. Kim, KCh Jung, S. Seo, J.K. Lee, H.L. Park, K.T. Park, H.S. Kim, Circumferential twisting during route B equal-channel angular pressing. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 259, 305–311 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. U.M. Iqbal, V.S. Senthil-Kumar, S. Gopalakannan, Application of response surface methodology in optimizing the process parameters of twist extrusion process for AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy. Measurement 94, 126–138 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. A.V. Nagasekhar, H.S. Kim, Analysis of T-shaped equal channel angular pressing using the finite element method. Met. Mater. Int. 14(5), 565–568 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Yu Ivanisenko, R. Kulagin, V. Fedorov, A. Mazilkin, T. Scherer, B. Baretzky, H. Hahn, High pressure torsion extrusion as a new severe plastic deformation process. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 664, 247–256 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. S.A.A.A. Mousavi, S.R. Bahadori, The effects of post annealing on the mechanical properties, microstructure and texture evolutions of pure copper deformed by twist extrusion process. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528, 1242–1246 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. D. Orlov, Y. Beygelzimer, S. Synkov, V. Varyukhin, N. Tsuji, Z. Horita, Plastic flow, structure and mechanical properties in pure Al deformed by twist extrusion. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 519, 105–111 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. S.A.A.A. Mousavi, Sh Ranjbar-Bahadori, A.R. Shahab, Numerical and experimental studies of the plastic strains distribution using subsequent direct extrusion after three twist extrusion passes. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527, 3967–3974 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sh Ranjbar-Bahadori, S.A.A.A. Mousavi, Examination of an aluminum alloy behavior under different routes of twist extrusion processing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528, 6527–6534 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. M. Nouri, H. Mohammadian-Semnani, E. Emadoddin, H.S. Kim, Investigation of direct extrusion channel effects on twist extrusion using experimental and finite element analysis. Measurement 127, 115–123 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. S.R. Bahadori, K. Dehghani, S.A.A.A. Mousavi, Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of pure copper processed by twist extrusion and equal channel angular pressing. Mater. Lett. 152, 48–52 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. M.S. Mohebbi, A. Akbarzadeh, Experimental study and FEM analysis of redundant strains in flow forming of tubes. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 210, 389–395 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, 35131-19111, Iran

    Mehran Nouri, Hamidreza Mohammadian Semnani & Esmaeil Emadoddin

Authors
  1. Mehran Nouri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hamidreza Mohammadian Semnani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Esmaeil Emadoddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mehran Nouri.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nouri, M., Mohammadian Semnani, H. & Emadoddin, E. Computational and Experimental Studies on the Effect Back Pressure on Twist Extrusion Process. Met. Mater. Int. 27, 2910–2918 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00668-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00668-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation