Skip to main content
Log in

Advances in research of ENSO changes and the associated impacts on Asian-Pacific climate

  • Review
  • Published:
Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review provides a summary on the recent major advances in research of ENSO changes and the associated impacts on Asian-Pacific climate. Achievements in the following topics are summarized: 1) the asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña; 2) the different features of central Pacific (CP) El Niño and eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño; 3) the change of ENSO in a warming world, including analysis of pre-industrial control simulation, historical simulation and climate projections of coupled climate system model; 4) Impact of EP ENSO on warm-pool air-sea interaction and East Asianwestern North Pacific summer monsoon; 5) Impacts of CP ENSO on Asian-Pacific climate, with focus on East Asian seasonal precipitation and tropical cyclones in the western Pacific. Research results published in the recent 5 years are the major sources for this review. Based on the review of the current progresses, some challenging issues needed to be investigated in the future are highlighted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander, M., I. Blade, M. Newman, J. Lanzante, N. Lau, and J. Scott, 2002: The atmospheric bridge: The influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans. J. Climate, 15, 2205–2231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • An, S.-I., 2003: Conditional maximum covariance analysis and its application to the tropical Indian Ocean SST and surface wind stress anomalies. J. Climate, 16, 2932–2938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • An, S.-I., 2004: A dynamic link between the basin-scale and zonal modes in the Tropical Indian Ocean. Theor. Appl. Climatol, 78, 203–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • An, S.-I., 2008: Interannual variations of the tropical ocean instability wave and ENSO. J. Climate, 21, 3680–3686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • An, S.-I., 2009: A review of interdecadal changes in the nonlinearity of the El Niño- Southern Oscillation. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 97, 29–40, 2009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • An, S.-I., and B. Wang, 2000: Interdecadal change of the structure of the ENSO mode and its impact on the ENSO frequency. J. Climate, 13, 122044–2055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • An, S.-I., and F.-F. Jin, 2004: Nonlinearity and asymmetry of ENSO. J. Climate, 17, 2399–2412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annamalai, H., P. Liu, and S. P. Xie, 2005a: Southwest Indian Ocean SST variability: Its local effect and remote influence on Asian monsoons. J. Climate, 18, 4150–4167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashok, K., S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao, H. Weng, and T. Yamagata, 2007: El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection. J. Geophys. Res., 112, C11007, doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashok, K., S. Iizuka, S. A. Rao, N. H. Saji, and W.-J. Lee, 2009: Processes and boreal summer impacts of the 2004 El Niño Modoki: An AGCM study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L04703, doi:10.1029/2008GL036313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellenger, H., E. Guilyardi, J. Leloup, M. Lengaigne, and J. Vialard, 2013: ENSO representation in climate models: from CMIP3 to CMIP5. Clim. Dynam, 42, 1999–2018, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1783-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burgers, G., and D. B. Stephenson, 1999: The “normality” of El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1027–1030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, C. P., Y. S. Zhang, and T. Li, 2000: Interannual and interdecadal variations of the East Asian summer monsoon and tropical Pacific SSTs. Part I: Roles of the subtropical ridge. J. Climate, 13, 4310–4325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G., 2011: How does shifting Pacific Ocean warming modulate on tropical cyclone frequency over the SCS?. J. Climate, 24, 4695–4700, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4140.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G., and C.-Y. Tam, 2010: Different impacts of two kinds of Pacific Ocean warming on tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, doi:10.1029/2009GL041708.

  • Chen, W., J. Feng, and R. Wu, 2013: Roles of ENSO and PDO in the link of the East Asian winter monsoon to the following summer monsoon. J. Climate, 26, 622–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, J., S.-I. An, and S.-W. Yeh, 2012: Decadal amplitude modulation of two types of ENSO and its relationship with the mean state. Clim. Dynam., 38, 2631–2644, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1186-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, J., B. Dewitte, and W. W. Hsieh, 2009: Interactive feedback between the tropical Pacic decadal oscillation and ENSO in a coupled general circulation model. J. Climate, 22, 6597–6611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, J., J.-S. Kug, and S.-W. Yeh, 2011: The role of mean state on changes in El Niño’s avor. Clim. Dynam., 37, 1205–1215, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0912-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, K.-Y., G. A. Vecchi, and A. T. Wittenberg, 2013: ENSO transition, duration, and amplitude asymmetries: Role of the nonlinear wind stress coupling in a conceptual model. J. Climate, 26, 9462–9476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, C., J. Tu, and J. Yu, 2003: Interannual variability of the western North Pacific summer monsoon: Differences between ENSO and Non-ENSO Years. J. Climate, 16, 2275–2287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, C., L. -F. Huang, J. -Y. Tu, L. Tseng, and Y. -C. Hsueh, 2009: El Niño impacts on precipitation in the western North Pacific-East Asian sector. J. Climate, 22, 2039–2059.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, J. H., and Coauthors, 2013a: Climate phenomena and their relevance for future regional climate change. In: Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, J. H., and Coauthors, 2013b: Climate phenomena and their relevance for future regional climate change supplementary material. In: Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Available from www.climatechange2013.org and www.ipcc.ch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung, P. H., and T. Li, 2013: Interdecadal Relationship between the Mean State and El Niño Types. J. Climate, 26, 361–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duan, W., H. Xu, and M. Mu, 2008: Decisive role of nonlinear temperature advection in El Niño and La Niña amplitude asymmetry. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C01014, doi:10.1029/2006JC003974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenman, I., L. S. Yu, and E. Tziperman, 2005: Westerly wind bursts: ENSO’s tail rather than the dog?. J. Climate, 18, 5224–5238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, J., and J. P. Li, 2011: Influence of El Niño Modoki on spring rainfall over SC. J. Geophys., Res., 116, doi:10.1029/2010JD015160.

  • Feng, J., L. Wang, W. Chen, S. Fong, and K. Leong, 2010: Different impacts of two types of Pacific Ocean warming on Southeast Asian rainfall during boreal winter. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 115.

  • Frauen, C., and D. Dommenget, 2010: El Niño and La Niña amplitude asym- metry caused by atmospheric feedbacks. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L18801, doi:10.1029/2010GL044444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, Congbin, H. F. Diaz, and J. O. Fletcher, 1986: Characteristics of the response of sea surface temperature in the central pacific associated with warm episodes of the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1716–1739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, C., and T. Zhou, 2014: The two interannual variability modes of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High simulated by 28 CMIP5-AMIP models. Clim. Dynam., doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2068-x.Geophys.

    Google Scholar 

  • He, C., L. Zou, and L. Zhang, 2013: Two interannual variability modes of the Northwestern Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone in boreal summer. Sci. China Earth Sci., 56, 1254–1265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoerling, M. P., A. Kumar, and M. Zhong, 1997: El Niño, La Niña, and the nonlinearity of their teleconnections. J. Climate, 10, 1769–1786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, C.-C., T. Li, L. Ho, and Y.-C. Chen, 2010: Asymmetry of the Indian Ocean basinwide SST anomalies: Roles of ENSO and IOD. J. Climate, 23, 3563–3576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, C.-C., Y.-H. Li, T. Li, and M.-Y. Lee, 2011: Impacts of central Pacific and eastern Pacific El Niños on tropical cyclone tracks over the western North Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38.

  • Hsu, H. H., T. Zhou, and J. Matsumoto, 2014: East Asian, Indochina and western North Pacific summer monsoon-An update. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 45–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, Z. Z., A. Kumar, B. Jha, W. Wang, B. Huang, and B. Huang, 2012: An analysis of warm pool and cold tongue El Niños: air-sea coupling processes, global influences, and recent trends. Clim. Dynam., doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1224-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, G., K. Hu, and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Strengtheing of tropical indian ocean teleconnection to the northwest Pacific since the mid-1970s: An atmospheric GCM study. J. Climate, 23, 5294–5304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, R. H., and Y. F. Wu, 1989: The influence of ENSO on the summer climate change in China and its mechanism. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 6, 21–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group 1 to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Planttner, G. K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, in press, 2013.

  • Jin, F.-F., S.-I. An, A. Timmermann, and J. Zhao, 2003: Strong El Niño events and nonlinear dynamical heating. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1120, doi:10.1029/2002GL016356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, F. -F., L. Lin, A. Timmermann, and J. Zhao, 2007: Ensemble-mean dynamics of the ENSO recharge oscillator under state-dependent stochastic forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03807, doi:10.1029/2006-GL027372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, I.-S., and J.-S. Kug, 2002: El Niño and La Niña sea surface temperature anomalies: Asymmetry characteristics associated with their wind stress anomalies. J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 4372, doi:10.1029/2001JD000393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kao, H.-Y., and J.-Y. Yu, 2009: Contrasting eastern-Pacic and central-Pacic types of ENSO. J. Climate, 22, 615–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karori, M. A., J. P. Li, and F. F. Jin, 2013: The asymmetric influence of the two types of El Niño and La Niña on summer rainfall over southeast China. J. Climate, 26, 4567–4582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, W. S., 2002: Is ENSO a cycle or a series of events?. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2125, doi:10.1029/2002GL015924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. T., and J.-Y. Yu, 2012: The two types of ENSO in CMIP5 models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L11704, doi:10.1029/2012GL052006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, S. A., B. J. Soden, and N. C. Lau, 1999: Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: Evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge. J. Climate, 12, 917–932.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kug, J. S., and I. S. Kang, 2006: Interactive feedback between ENSO and the Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 19, 1784–1801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kug, J. S., F.-F. Jin, and S.-I. An, 2009: Two types of El Niño events: Cold tongue El Niño and warm pool El Niño. J. Climate, 22, 1499–1515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kug, J. S., J. Choi, S.-I. An, F.-F. Jin, and A. T. Wittenberg, 2010: Warm pool and cold tongue El Niño events as simulated by the GFDL 2.1 coupled GCM. J. Climate, 23, 1226–1239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, N. K., and D. E. Harrison, 2002: ENSO warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) event life cycles: Ocean surface anomaly patterns, their symmetries, asymmetries, and implications. J. Climate, 15, 1118–1140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latif, M., R. Kleeman, and C. Eckert, 1997: Greenhouse warming, decadal variability, or El Niño? An attempt to understand the anomalous 1990s. J. Climate, 10, 2221–2239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, N. -C., and B. Wang, 2006: Interactions between Asian monsoon and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, In “The Asian Monsoon”, Ed. B. Wang, Springer/Praxis Publishing. New York, pp. 478–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, S. L., J. Lu, G. Huang, and K. M. Hu, 2008: Tropical Indian Ocean basin warming and East Asian summer monsoon: A multiple AGCM study. J. Climate, 21, 6080–6088.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, T., and B. Wang, 2005: A review on the western North Pacific monsoon: synoptic-to-interannual variabilities. Terrestrial, Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 16, 285–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang Jin, X.-Q. Yang, and D.-Z. Sun, 2012: The Effect of ENSO Events on the Tropical Pacic Mean Climate: Insights from an Analytical Model. J. Climate, 25, 7590–7606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., B. Wang, and J. Yang, 2008: Forced and internal modes of variability of the East Asian summer monsoon. Clim. Past Discuss., 4, 645–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M. J., and X. Zhang, 2009: Asymmetry in zonal phase propagation of ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L13703, doi:10.1029/2009GL038774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M. J., T. Lee, and D. McClurg, 2011: El Niño and its relationship to changing background conditions in the tropical Pacic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L15709, doi:10.1029/2011GL048275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohba, M., and H. Ueda, 2009: Role of nonlinear atmospheric response to SST on the asymmetric transition process of ENSO. J. Climate, 22, 177–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohba, M., and M. Watanabe, 2012: Role of the Indo-Pacific Interbasin Coupling in Predicting Asymmetric ENSO Transition and Duration. J. Climate, 25, 3321–3335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohba, M., D. Nohara, and H. Ueda, 2010: Simulation of asymmetric ENSO transition in WCRP CMIP3 multimodel experiments. J. Climate, 23, 6051–6067.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okumura, Y. M., and C. Deser, 2010: Asymmetry in the duration of El Niño and La Niña. J. Climate, 23, 5826–5843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okumura, Y. M., H. Ohba, and C. Deser, 2011: A proposed mechanism for asymmetric duration of El Niño and La Niña. J. Climate, 24, 3822–3829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez, C. L., A. M. Moore, J. Zavaly-Garay, and R. Kleeman, 2005: A comparison of the influence of additive and multiplicative stochastic forcing on a coupled model of ENSO. J. Climate, 18, 5066–5085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rong, X., R. Zhang, T. Li, and J. Su, 2011: Upscale feedback of highfrequency winds to ENSO. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 894–907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmusson, E. M., and T. H. Carpenter, 1982: Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 554–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, A., T. Delcroix, and S. Cravatte, 2011: Contrasting the flavors of El Niño-Southern Oscillation using sea surface salinity observations. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116.

  • Song, F., and T. Zhou, 2014: Inter-annual variability of East Asian summer monsoon simulated by CMIP3 and CMIP5 AGCMs: Skill dependence on Indian Ocean-western Pacific anticyclone teleconnection. J. Climate, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00248.1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, J., R. Zhang, T. Li, X. Rong, J.-S. Kug, and C.-C. Hong, 2010: Causes of the El Niño and La Niña amplitude asymmetry in the equatorial eastern Pacific. J. Climate, 23, 605–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, F., and J.-Y. Yu, 2009: A 10-15-yr modulation cycle of ENSO intensity. J. Climate, 22, 1718–1735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trenberth, K. E., and L. Smith, 2006: The vertical structure of temperature in the tropics: Different flavors of El Niño. J. Climate, 19, 4956–4970.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trenberth, K. E., and L. Smith, 2009: Variations in the three-dimensional structure of the atmospheric circulation with different flavors of El Niño. J. Climate, 22, 2978–2991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trenberth, K. E., and L. Smith, G. W. Branstator, D. Karoly, A. Kumar, N.-C. Lau, and C. Ropelewski, 1998: Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14291–14324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vimont, D. J., D. S. Battisti, and A. C. Hirst, 2001: Footprinting: A seasonal connection between the tropics and mid-latitudes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3923–3926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B., and Z. Fan, 1999: Choice of south Asian summer monsoon indices. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 629–638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B., and S. I. An, 2002: A mechanism for decadal changes of ENSO behavior: roles of background wind changes. Clim. Dynam., 18, 475–486, doi:10.1007/s00382-001-0189-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B., R. G. Wu, and X. H. Fu, 2000: Pacific-East Asian teleconnection: How does ENSO affect East Asian climate?. J. Climate, 13, 1517–1536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B., R. Wu, and T. Li, 2003: Atmosphere-warm ocean interaction and its impacts on the Asian-Australian monsoon variation. J. Climate, 16, 1195–1211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B., B. Xiang, and J.-Y. Lee, 2013: Subtropical High predictability establishes a promising way for monsoon and tropical storm predictions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., doi:10.1073/pnas.1214626110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C., C. Deser, J.-Y. Yu, P. DiNezio, and A. Clement, 2012: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): A review. In Coral Reefs of the Eastern Pacific, P. Glymn, D. Manzello, and I. Enochs, Eds., Springer Science Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, M., and F. F. Jin, 2002: Role of Indian ocean warming in the development of Philippine sea anticyclone during ENSO. Geophys. Res. Lett, 29, 1478, doi:10.1029/2001GL014318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weng, H., G. Wu, Y. Liu, S. K. Behera, and T. Yamagata, 2011: Anomalous summer climate in China influenced by the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans. Clim. Dynam., 36, 769–782, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0658-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, B., and T. Zhou, 2008: Oceanic origin of the interannual and interdecadal variability of the summertime western Pacific subtropical high. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13701, doi:10.1029/2008GL034584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, B., and T. Zhou, 2013: Relationships between East Asian-western North Pacific monsoon and ENSO simulated by FGOALS-s2. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 713–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, B., and T. Li, 2009: Seasonally evolving dominant interannual variability modes of East Asian climate. J. Climate, 22, 2992–3005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, B., T. Li, and T. Zhou, 2010a: Asymmetry of atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Western North Pacific between El Niño and La Niña. J. Climate, 23, 4807–4822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, B., T. Li, and T. Zhou, 2010b: Relative contributions of the Indian Ocean and local SST anomalies to the maintenance of the western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone during El Niño decaying summer. J. Climate, 23, 2974–2986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, B., T. Zhou, and T. Li, 2012: Two distinct modes of tropical Indian Ocean precipitation in boreal winter and their impacts on equatorial western Pacific. J. Climate, 25, 921–938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R., Z.-Z. Hu, and B. P. Kirtman, 2003: Evolution of ENSO-related rainfall anomalies in East Asia. J. Climate, 16, 3742–3758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang, B., B. Wang, W. Yu, and S. Xu, 2013: How can western North Pacific subtropical high intensify from early to late summer?. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2349–2354, doi:10.1002/grl.50431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang B. Q., B. Wang, and T. Li, 2013: A new paradigm for the predominance of standing Central Pacic Warming after the late 1990s. Clim. Dynam., 41, 327–340, doi:10.1007/s00382-012—1427-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, S.-P., K. Hu, J. Hafner, H. Tokinaga, Y. Du, G. Huang, and T. Sampe, 2009: Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo-western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño. J. Climate, 22, 730–747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xue, F., and C. Z. Liu, 2007: The influence of moderate ENSO on summer rainfall in eastern China and its comparison with strong ENSO. Chinese Sci. Bull., 53, 791–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xue, F., and C. Z. Liu, 2008: The influence of moderate ENSO on summer rainfall in eastern China and its comparison with strong ENSO. Chinese Sci. Bull., 53, 791–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J. L., Q. Y. Liu, S. P. Xie, Z. Y. Liu, and L. X. Wu, 2007: Impact of the Indian Ocean SST basin mode on the Asian summer monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02708, doi:10.1029/2006GL028571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, S.-W., J.-S. Kug, and S.-I. An, 2014: Recent progress on two types of El Niño: observations, dynamics, and future changes. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 69–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, S.-W., B. P. Kirtman, J.-S. Kug, W. Park, and M. Latif, 2011: Natural variability of the central Pacific El Niño event on multi-centennial timescales. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02704, doi:10.1029/2010GL-045886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, S.-W., J.-S. Kug, B. Dewitte, M.-H. Kwon, B. P. Kirtman, and F.-F. Jin, 2009: El Niño in a changing climate. Nature, 461, 511–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J. Y., H. Y. Kao, T. Lee, and S. T. Kim, 2011: Subsurface ocean temperature indices for Central-Pacific and Eastern-Pacific types of El Niño and La Niña events. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 103, 337–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., T. Zhou, Q. Bao, and B. Wu, 2010: The vertical structures of atmospheric temperature anomalies associated with El Niño simulated by the LASG/IAP AGCM: Sensitivity to convection schemes. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 27, doi:10.1007/s00376-010-9167-3.

  • Zhang, R., A. Sumi, and M. kimoto, 1996: Impact of El Niño on the East Asia Monsoon: A diagnostic study of the 86/87 and 91/92 events. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 74, 49–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R. H., A. Sumi, and M. Kimoto, 1999: A diagnostic study of the impact of El Niño on the precipitation in China. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 16, 229–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, W. J., F. F. Jin, J. P. Li, and H. L. Ren, 2011: Contrasting impacts of two-type El Niño over the western North Pacific. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 89, 563–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, W. J., H. L. Ren, J. P. Li, and J. X. Zhao, 2012: Differences in teleconnection over the North Pacific and rainfall shift over the USA associated with two types of El Niño during boreal autumn. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 90, 535–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T., and J. Zhang, 2011: The vertical structures of atmospheric temperature anomalies associated with two flavors of El Niño simulated by AMIP II models. J. Climate, 24, 1053–1070.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T., B. Wu, and B. Wang, 2009: How well do atmospheric general circulation models capture the leading modes of the interannual variability of the Asian-Australian monsoon?. J. Climate, 22, 1159–1173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T., H.-H. Hsu, and J. Matsuno, 2011: Summer monsoons in East Asia, Indochina, and the western North Pacific, 43–72 pp, in The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast (2nd Edition), edited by Chih-Pei Chang et al., 2011 World Scientific Publishing Co.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T., X. Chen, L. Dong, B. Wu, M. Man, L. Zhang, R. Lin, J. Yao, F. Song, and C. Zhao, 2014: Chinese contribution to CMIP5: An overview of five chinese models’ performances. J. Meteor. Res., in Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zou, L., and T. Zhou, 2011: Sensitivity of a regional ocean-atmosphere coupled model to convection parameterization over western North Pacific. J. Geophy. Res., 116, D18106, doi:10.1029/2011JD015884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zou, L., and T. Zhou, 2012: Development and evaluation of a regional ocean-atmosphere coupled model with focus on the western North Pacific summer monsoon simulation Impacts of different atmospheric components. Scince China: Earth Science, 55, 802–815, doi:10.1007/s11430-011-4281-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zou, L., and T. Zhou, 2013a: Can a regional ocean-atmosphere coupled model improve the simulation of the interannual variability of the Western North Pacific summer monsoon?. J. Climate, 26, 2353–2367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zou, L., and T. Zhou, 2013b: Simulation of the western North Pacific summer monsoon by regional ocean-atmosphere coupled model: Impacts of oceanic components. Chinese Sci. Bull., 59, 662–673, doi:10.1007/s11434-013-0104-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tianjun Zhou.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhou, T., Wu, B. & Dong, L. Advances in research of ENSO changes and the associated impacts on Asian-Pacific climate. Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 50, 405–422 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-014-0043-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-014-0043-4

Key words

Navigation